# Vietnamese grammar

> Vietnamese grammar from A1 to C1 explained in plain English, every example spoken aloud, in Northern and Southern wording where they differ. Free, no account needed.

Source: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ · Updated 2026-11-10

Vietnamese grammar from A1 to C1, explained in plain English with every example spoken aloud. Free, no account needed.

Levels are our own estimates: there is no official list of Vietnamese grammar by level yet.

By level: [A1 (beginner)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a1/) · [A2 (elementary)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a2/) · [B1 (intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b1/) · [B2 (upper intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b2/) · [C1 (advanced)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/c1/)

Situations: [At work](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/?use=work) · [Shops and services](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/?use=service) · [Messages and social media](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/?use=texting)

Improve your Vietnamese with Vietnamese Buddy: Vietnamese Buddy turns your own class material into flashcards with natural audio and spaced repetition, and keeps the grammar points from your course book with their status. Join the waitlist: https://app.vietnamesebuddy.com/waitlist?source=site

## Asking questions (55)

- [And you? Còn …?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-and-you/): and you? / what about …? — `Còn + [person or thing] (thì sao)?` (A1)
- [Answering yes/no questions: có, không, or the verb again](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/yes-no-answers/): short yes/no answers — `Có. / Không. · [verb]. · Không, [person] + không + [verb]` (A1)
- [Asking about là-sentences: có phải (là) … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-phai-khong/): is it (a) …? — `[subject] + có phải (là) + [noun] + không? · Có phải + [statement] + không?` (A1)
- [Asking age: bao nhiêu tuổi, mấy tuổi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tuoi-age/): how old? — `[person] + (năm nay) + bao nhiêu tuổi (rồi)? · [child] + mấy tuổi (rồi)? · [person] + sinh năm + mấy / bao nhiêu?` (A1)
- [Asking how well: verb + có + adjective + không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-khong-manner/): is it done well? — `([person or thing]) + [verb] (+ [object]) + có + [adjective] + không?` (A1)
- [Asking the price: bao nhiêu tiền](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-nhieu-tien-price/): how much is it? — `[thing] + bao nhiêu tiền? · [thing] + bao nhiêu một + [unit]?` (A1, Shops and services)
- [At what time? mấy giờ, first or last](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-gio-what-time/): what time …? — `Mấy giờ + [person] + [verb]? · [person] + [verb] + (lúc) mấy giờ?` (A1)
- [Checking a statement: …, phải không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-khong-tag/): …, right? — `[statement], phải không? → Phải. / Không (phải).` (A1)
- [Double-checking what you just heard: hả / à](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-ha-check/): …, huh? / so …? — `[statement] + hả? / à?` (A1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Expecting yes: … chứ?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-question/): surely …, aren't you? — `[statement] + chứ?` (A1, spoken)
- [For how long so far: … (bao lâu) rồi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duration-roi/): have been … for — `[person] + [verb] + bao lâu rồi? → [verb] + [duration] + rồi` (A1)
- [How far: A cách B …, bao xa?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cach-distance/): distance between places — `[A] + cách + [B] + [distance] · [A] + cách + [B] + bao xa?` (A1)
- [How long? bao lâu after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-lau-how-long/): how long (duration)? — `[person] + [verb] + (trong) + bao lâu?` (A1)
- [How many (a small number): mấy before the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-how-many/): how many (few)? — `mấy + (classifier) + [noun]?` (A1)
- [How many, how much: bao nhiêu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-nhieu-how-many/): how many / how much? — `[verb] + bao nhiêu + (classifier) + [noun]? · [thing] + bao nhiêu (tiền)?` (A1, Shops and services)
- [How? What is it like? sao / thế nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-nao-how/): how / what like? — `[noun] + (như) thế nào? · [person] + [verb] + sao?` (A1)
- [Is that OK? …, được không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-khong-request/): is it OK / possible? — `[request or plan], được không? → Được. / Không được.` (A1, At work, Shops and services)
- [It takes (time): mất](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mat-time-takes/): it takes … — `[trip or task] + mất + [time] · [person] + mất + [time] + (để) + [verb] · … mất bao lâu?` (A1)
- [Nobody, nothing, nowhere: không … ai / gì / đâu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-khong-nobody/): nobody / nothing — `[person] + không + [verb] + ai / gì / đâu + (hết / cả) · Không ai + [verb] · Không có gì + để + [verb]` (A1)
- [Or in questions: A hay B?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-or-question/): A or B? — `[A] + hay (là) + [B]?` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Polite yes dạ / vâng, casual yes ừ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-vang-yes/): yes (polite or casual) — `Dạ, [reply] · Dạ. / Vâng. · Ừ, [reply] (to friends and younger people)` (A1, polite, spoken, At work, Shops and services)
- [Question words stay where the answer goes: Anh đi đâu?, Ai đi?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/question-word-in-place/): no moving the question word — `[statement with the question word in the answer's slot]? · but (Tại) sao / Khi nào + [statement]?` (A1)
- [Saying and asking a name: tên (là) …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ten-la-name/): my name is / what's your name? — `[person] + tên (là) + [name] · [person] + tên (là) gì? · Tên + [person] + là + [name]` (A1)
- [What kind of? noun + gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/n-gi-what-kind/): what kind of …? — `[noun] + gì?` (A1)
- [What? gì after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gi-what/): what? — `[person] + [verb] + gì? · [thing] + là gì? · Cái gì / Chuyện gì + [verb]? · Có chuyện gì?` (A1)
- [When? bao giờ / khi nào: first for the future, last for the past](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-gio-when/): when? — `Bao giờ / Khi nào + [person] + [verb]? (future) · [person] + [verb] + bao giờ / khi nào? (usually past)` (A1)
- [Where to? đi đâu, no ở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-dau-where-to/): where to? — `[person] + đi + đâu? · [thing] + đâu rồi? (where has it got to)` (A1)
- [Where? ở đâu at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-dau-where/): where (location)? — `[person or thing] + ([verb]) + ở đâu? · Ở đâu có + [noun]?` (A1)
- [Which number: mấy after the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-which-number/): which number (date, day, floor)? — `[noun] + mấy? · [noun] + (là) + bao nhiêu? (a phone number; a year takes either)` (A1)
- [Which? nào after the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nao-which/): which …? — `(classifier) + [noun] + nào?` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Who? ai as subject or object](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ai-who/): who? — `Ai + [verb]? · [person] + [verb] + ai? · [person] + là + ai? · Ai là + [person]?` (A1)
- [Whose? noun + của ai](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-ai-whose/): whose …? — `[thing] + (là) + của ai? · Đây/Đó là + [thing] + của ai?` (A1)
- [Why? tại sao / vì sao / sao first](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tai-sao-why/): why? — `Tại sao / Vì sao / Sao + [person] + [verb]?` (A1)
- [Yes/no questions with có … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-khong-question/): yes/no question — `[person] + có + [verb or adjective] + không?` (A1)
- [Anyone? Anything? có … ai / gì … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-any-question/): anyone / anything? — `[person] + có + [verb] + ai / gì / (noun) nào + không?` (A2)
- [Everyone, everything, always: ai cũng, gì cũng, lúc nào cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-cung-every/): every- / any- — `Ai / [noun] nào + cũng + [verb] · [object] gì / nào + [person] + cũng + [verb] · Ở đâu / Bao giờ / Lúc nào + [person] + cũng + [verb]` (A2)
- [Oh really? vậy hả / thế à](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-a-really/): oh really? — `Vậy hả? / Thế à?` (A2, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Someone, something, somewhere: ai đó, gì đó, đâu đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-do-some/): some- (indefinite) — `ai đó · cái gì đó · ở đâu đó · khi nào đó` (A2)
- [What for? (để) làm gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-lam-gi-what-for/): what for? — `[person] + [verb] + (để) làm gì?` (A2)
- [Whether: có … không inside a sentence, never nếu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/whether-co-khong/): whether — `[person] + hỏi / biết + [person] + có + [verb] + không · … đã + [verb] + chưa · … [A] hay (là) [B]` (A2)
- [Why on earth? sao … lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sao-lai-why-on-earth/): how come …? — `Sao + [person] + lại + [verb]?` (A2)
- [Any … at all: bất cứ / bất kỳ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bat-cu-any/): any … whatsoever — `bất cứ / bất kỳ + [question word or noun] + (… cũng)` (B1)
- [How (can)? làm sao](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-sao-how/): how / how could? — `[person] + [verb] + làm sao? · Làm sao + [person] + [verb]?` (B1)
- [I wonder whether: liệu … (có) … không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lieu-wonder/): I wonder whether; will it really — `Liệu + [person or thing] + có + [verb] + không? · Không biết liệu + [sentence]` (B1)
- [No matter who, what, how: dù … cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-no-matter/): no matter … — `Dù + [question word …] (đi chăng nữa) + thì + [person] + cũng / vẫn + [verb]` (B1)
- [Really? … sao at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sao-surprise-tag/): surprise, disbelief — `[statement] + sao?` (B1, spoken)
- [Reported questions keep their word order: hỏi / không biết + the question as asked](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/embedded-question-order/): indirect questions — `[person] + hỏi / không biết + [question as asked]` (B1)
- [Surely not? chẳng lẽ / lẽ nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chang-le-surely-not/): surely not …? — `Chẳng lẽ / Lẽ nào + [person] + (lại) + [verb]?` (B1)
- [What's the point?: … (mà) làm gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-gi-whats-the-point/): there is no point in — `[verb phrase] + (mà) làm gì? · [verb] + làm gì cho mệt` (B1)
- [Who would …? Who wouldn't …? ai mà, ai lại không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ai-ma-rhetorical/): rhetorical who — `Ai mà + [verb]? · Ai lại không + [verb]? · [topic] thì ai không + [verb]?` (B1, spoken)
- [Could it be that …? phải chăng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-chang/): is it that …? (written) — `Phải chăng + [statement]?` (B2, formal, written)
- [How could that be! làm sao … được](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-sao-duoc-rhetorical/): that can't happen — `Làm sao (mà) + [verb] + được? · [verb] + làm sao / thế nào + được?` (B2)
- [Isn't it obvious? bộ … hả, chẳng phải … sao](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/rhetorical-negative/): rhetorical 'isn't it' — `Bộ + [person] + không + [verb] + hả? · Chẳng phải + [X] + sao? · [person] + không + [verb] + hay sao?` (B2)
- [Who all, what all: những ai, những gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-qword-plural/): plural who / what — `những ai · những gì · những cái nào` (B2)
- [Whoever … that one: ai … người đó, sao … vậy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-correlative/): whoever / however … that — `Ai + [verb] (thì) người đó + [verb] · [verb] + [noun] nào (thì) [verb] + [noun] đó · … sao, … vậy` (B2)

## Time and when things happen (59)

- [About to happen: sắp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sap-about-to/): about to — `[person / thing] + sắp + [verb] (+ rồi) · Sắp + [event] + rồi · … sắp + [verb] + chưa?` (A1)
- [Already: … rồi, and Rồi as the yes to 'yet?'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/roi-already/): already — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + rồi · Rồi.` (A1)
- [At a time: lúc / vào lúc, vào + day](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vao-luc-at-time/): at / on (time) — `lúc / vào lúc + [clock time] · vào + [day or date] · [verb] + lúc + [clock time] (end of sentence)` (A1)
- [Clock time, then part of the day: 7 giờ tối](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clock-then-part-of-day/): am / pm — `[number] + giờ + sáng / trưa / chiều / tối` (A1)
- [Dates: ngày, tháng, năm in that order; mùng for the 1st to the 10th](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dates-order/): date order — `(thứ + [day]), ngày + (mùng) + [D] + tháng + [M] + năm + [Y]` (A1)
- [Every day, every week: hàng / hằng + time](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hang-every/): every (day/week) — `hàng / hằng + ngày / tuần / tháng / năm` (A1)
- [Finished doing: verb + xong](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xong-finished/): finish doing — `[verb] + xong (+ [object]) · [verb] + [object] + xong · … xong chưa?` (A1)
- [From … to: từ … đến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-den-from-to/): from … to — `từ + [A] + đến / tới + [B]` (A1)
- [Have you … yet? (đã) … chưa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-chua-question/): have you … yet? — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + chưa? → Rồi. / Chưa.` (A1)
- [Hours of duration: tiếng (giờ is o'clock)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tieng-hours/): hours (length) — `[number] + tiếng · [number] + giờ (clock, or formal duration)` (A1)
- [How long goes after the verb: học hai năm, no 'for'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duration-after-verb/): duration after the verb — `[person] + [verb] + [duration] (no preposition)` (A1)
- [How often: thường, luôn, thỉnh thoảng before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/frequency-position/): frequency words — `[person] + luôn (luôn) / thường / ít khi + [verb] · (Thỉnh thoảng / Đôi khi / Nhiều khi) + [person] + (thỉnh thoảng / đôi khi / nhiều khi) + [verb]` (A1)
- [In (a time from now): … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nua-from-now/): in X time — `[number] + [unit] + nữa + [person] + (sẽ) + [verb] · mấy / bao lâu … nữa?` (A1)
- [Just happened: vừa / mới / vừa mới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-moi-just/): has just — `[person] + vừa / mới / vừa mới + [verb] (+ rồi)` (A1)
- [Months by number: tháng tư, tháng giêng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thang-months/): month names — `tháng + [number]` (A1)
- [này or nay in time words: tuần này, năm nay](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nay-vs-nay/): this (time) — `tuần / tháng + này · hôm / năm / sáng + nay` (A1)
- [No đã or sẽ needed when a time word says when](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-word-no-marker/): time from time words — `[time word] + [person] + [verb]` (A1)
- [Not yet: chưa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chua-not-yet/): not yet — `[person] + chưa + [verb] · [person] + [verb] + chưa? → Rồi. / Chưa.` (A1)
- [Often: hay before the verb, and có hay … không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-often/): often — `[person] + hay + [verb] · [person] + có hay + [verb] + không? · không hay + [verb]` (A1)
- [Saying it already happened: đã](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-past/): did / has done — `[person] + đã + [verb or adjective]` (A1)
- [Saying it is happening now: đang](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dang-ongoing/): is doing — `[person] + đang + [verb or adjective]` (A1)
- [Saying it will happen: sẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/se-future/): will — `[person] + sẽ + [verb or adjective]` (A1)
- [Small time unit first: chiều mai, chủ nhật tuần sau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-units-order/): combining time words — `[part of day / day] + [bigger unit] · sáng / chiều / tối + nay / qua / mai` (A1)
- [Still: vẫn / còn / vẫn còn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/van-con-still/): still — `[person] + vẫn / còn / vẫn còn + [verb or adjective]` (A1)
- [Telling the time: giờ, rưỡi, kém](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/telling-time/): clock time — `[number] + giờ (+ [number] + phút) · giờ rưỡi · [hour] + kém + [minutes] · Mấy giờ rồi?` (A1)
- [This, last, next: tuần này, tuần trước, tuần sau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/this-last-next/): this / last / next period — `[period] + này / trước / sau · năm nay / năm ngoái / năm sau · hôm qua / hôm nay / ngày mai` (A1)
- [Time words go first: Hôm nay tôi đi làm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-before-verb/): time at the start — `[time] + [person] + [verb] · [person] + [verb] + (lúc / vào) + [time]` (A1)
- [Weekdays: thứ hai … chủ nhật](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thu-weekdays/): days of the week — `thứ + [number] · chủ nhật · Hôm nay (là) thứ mấy?` (A1)
- [Where không goes with đã, đang, sẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/negation-tense-order/): negation with time words — `([time word]) + [person] + (cũng) + (đã / sẽ) + không + [verb]` (A1)
- [Ago: cách đây](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cach-day-ago/): … ago — `cách đây + [period] · [period] + trước` (A2)
- [All of it, all gone: verb + hết](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/het-all/): (do) all of / used up — `[verb] + hết + [object] · [plural subject] + [verb] + hết (rồi)` (A2)
- [Back when: hồi + time (hồi nhỏ, hồi đó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoi-back-when/): back when, at the time of — `Hồi + [age, time or sentence], … · hồi đó / hồi trước / hồi xưa` (A2)
- [Before and after doing: trước khi / sau khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/truoc-khi-sau-khi/): before / after (+ action) — `trước khi / sau khi + [verb or sentence], … · trước / sau + [noun]` (A2)
- [Ever and never so far: … bao giờ chưa, chưa … bao giờ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chua-bao-gio-ever/): have you ever? / never yet — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + bao giờ / lần nào + chưa? · [person] + chưa + [verb] + bao giờ · chưa bao giờ + [verb]` (A2)
- [How many times, how often: lần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lan-times/): times / how often — `[verb] + mấy lần? · Một tuần + [verb] + mấy lần? · Bao lâu + [verb] + một lần? · [number] + lần + một + [unit]` (A2)
- [Not any more: không … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-nua-anymore/): no longer — `[person] + không + [verb] + nữa · Đừng + [verb] + nữa` (A2)
- [Not until, only then: time + mới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-not-until/): only then — `[time] + [person] + mới + [verb]` (A2)
- [Right away, while you're at it: verb + luôn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/luon-right-away/): right away; as well; totally — `[verb] (+ [object]) + luôn · [verb] + luôn + đi · [adjective] + luôn (totally, speech)` (A2, spoken)
- [Right here, right away: ngay, liền](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-right-away/): right / immediately — `ngay + [place or time] · [verb] + liền / ngay` (A2)
- [Run out of, no longer: hết + noun or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/het-run-out/): none left / no longer — `[person] + hết + [noun] (rồi) · hết + [adjective or verb] + rồi · sắp hết + [noun]` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Since: từ … (tới giờ), từ khi, từ khi nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-since/): since — `từ + [time point] + (tới giờ / đến nay) · Từ khi + [sentence] · … từ khi nào / từ bao giờ? · từ + [duration] + nay (written)` (A2)
- [When: khi … (thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khi-when/): when (+ sentence) — `Khi + [sentence] (thì) + [sentence]` (A2)
- [While: trong khi, and khi … đang for an interrupted action](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-khi-while/): while — `Trong khi + [sentence], … · [main] + khi + [person] + đang + [verb]` (A2)
- [As soon as: ngay khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-khi-as-soon-as/): as soon as — `Ngay khi + [sentence], …` (B1, At work)
- [Completely, for good: verb + hẳn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/han-completely/): completely — `[verb] + hẳn (+ [object]) · [adjective] + hẳn + đi / ra` (B1)
- [Do this first: verb + đã](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-first/): first (before something else) — `[verb] + đã (rồi + hãy / hẵng + [verb 2])` (B1)
- [Finishing off the rest: verb + cho hết, cho xong / nốt](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/not-finish-off/): do the rest, finish off — `[verb] + cho hết / cho xong (+ [object]) · [verb] + nốt (+ [object]) (Hà Nội)` (B1)
- [Have left, still to go: còn + noun, còn … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-left/): have left — `[person] + còn + [amount] (+ nữa) · Còn + [time or amount] + nữa (là / mới) …` (B1, Shops and services)
- [Left half done: verb + dở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-half-done/): half done, in the middle of — `[verb] + dở (+ [object]) · đang + [verb] + dở + thì + [event]` (B1)
- [On and on, at long last: mãi, mãi … mới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mai-on-and-on/): interminably / finally — `[verb] + mãi · [verb] + mãi + (person) + mới + [verb 2] · [verb] + mãi mà không + [verb 2]` (B1)
- [On the occasion of: nhân (dịp) + occasion](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhan-occasion/): on the occasion of; taking the chance — `Nhân dịp + [occasion], … · Nhân + [event or chance], … · nhân tiện (while at it)` (B1, At work)
- [Only (so few, so young): mới + number](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-only-number/): only (amount, age) — `mới (có) + [number or time] · [person] + mới + [verb or number] + thôi` (B1)
- [Only if, to … you must: phải … mới, muốn … thì phải](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-moi-only-if/): only if / to … you have to — `(Phải / Có) + [condition] + (person) + mới + [result] · Muốn + [result] + (thì) + phải + [condition]` (B1)
- [Suddenly: tự nhiên, tự dưng, bỗng (nhiên)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bong-suddenly/): suddenly, out of the blue — `Tự nhiên / Tự dưng + [subject] + [verb] · [subject] + tự nhiên / tự dưng + [verb] · [subject] + bỗng (nhiên) / đột nhiên + [verb] (writing)` (B1)
- [Until: (cho) đến khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/den-khi-until/): until — `… (cho) đến khi + [sentence] · đến + [time]` (B1)
- [All the way to, as late as: tận](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tan-all-the-way/): all the way / as late as — `tận + [place or time] · đến tận + [time]` (B2)
- [No sooner … than: vừa … đã, chưa … đã](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-da-no-sooner/): no sooner … than — `[person] + vừa (mới) / chưa + [verb 1] + (person 2) + đã + [verb 2] · vừa + [verb 1] + thì + [verb 2] (just as)` (B2)
- [Once (when and if): một khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-khi-once/): once — `Một khi + [sentence], …` (B2, formal)
- [Originally, by nature: vốn (là), vốn dĩ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/von-originally/): originally, by nature, always was — `[person or thing] + vốn (là) + [noun] · [person or thing] + vốn + [verb or adjective]` (B2)

## Saying no and not (22)

- [Is not (a noun): không phải là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-phai-la/): is not — `[person] + không phải (là) + [noun]` (A1)
- [Neither … nor: không … cũng không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/neither-nor/): neither … nor — `[person] + không + [A] + (mà) cũng không + [B] · cả [A] và [B] đều không + [verb]` (A1)
- [Not … either: cũng không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-khong-either/): not … either — `[person] + cũng + không / chưa + [verb]` (A1)
- [Not at all, really: không … đâu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-dau-not-at-all/): not at all — `[person] + không + [verb or adjective] + đâu` (A1, spoken)
- [Not very: không … lắm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-lam-not-very/): not very — `[person] + không + [adjective or feeling verb] (+ [object]) + lắm` (A1)
- [Not: không before the verb or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-not/): not — `[person] + không + [verb or adjective]` (A1)
- [But I didn't! có … đâu, đâu có](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-dau-denial/): denying what was said — `[person] + có + [verb] (+ [object]) + đâu · [person] + đâu có + [verb] · có phải … đâu` (A2, spoken)
- [No way, there's no such thing: Làm gì có …!](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-gi-co/): there's no …! — `Làm gì có + [noun]! · [person] + làm gì có + [noun]` (A2, spoken)
- [Not clearly vs not exactly: nói không rõ / không nói rõ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/negation-manner/): where không goes with a manner word — `[person] + không + [verb] + [adjective] · [person] + [verb] + không + [adjective]` (A2)
- [Almost, hardly: gần như, hầu như (không)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hau-nhu-almost/): almost / hardly any — `gần như / hầu như + [verb or adjective] · hầu như không + [verb]` (B1)
- [Emphatic not: không có + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-co-emphatic/): not (emphatic) — `[person] + không có + [verb]` (B1, spoken)
- [Nearly happened: suýt (nữa thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/suyt-nearly/): nearly, almost (but didn't) — `[person] + suýt + [verb] · Suýt nữa thì + [person] + [verb]` (B1)
- [Not (colloquial): chẳng / chả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chang-cha-not/): not (spoken, emphatic) — `[person] + chẳng / chả + [verb or adjective]` (B1)
- [Not always: không phải lúc nào cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-phai-luc-nao/): not always — `[person] + không phải lúc nào / bao giờ + cũng + [verb]` (B1)
- [Not at all, never ever: không hề / chưa hề](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-he-never/): not in the least — `[person] + không / chưa + hề + [verb]` (B1)
- [Not one bit: không … chút nào / tí nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ti-nao-at-all/): not at all — `[person] + không + [verb or adjective] + chút nào / tí nào (cả)` (B1)
- [Throwing a word back: X + gì mà + X](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gi-ma-reject/): X? not at all! / enough X-ing! — `[adjective or verb] + gì mà + [the same word]! · [adjective] + gì (đâu)!` (B1, spoken)
- [Can't help (feeling): không khỏi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-khoi/): cannot help — `[person] + không khỏi + [feeling verb]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Can't not, so must: không thể không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-the-khong-must/): cannot help but / must — `[person] + không thể không + [verb]` (B2)
- [Everyone without exception: không ai (là) không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-ai-khong/): there is no one who doesn't — `Không ai (là) không + [verb] · Không + [noun] + nào (là) không + [verb]` (B2)
- [It's not that … not: không phải là … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-phai-khong/): it isn't that …n't — `(person) + không phải là + (person) + không + [verb]` (B2)
- [Not necessarily: chưa hẳn, không hẳn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chua-han/): not necessarily — `[statement] + chưa hẳn / không hẳn (là) + [conclusion]` (B2)

## Can, must, should, want (34)

- [Can I have / let me: Cho tôi / cho em + noun or verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-toi-let-me/): give me / let me — `Cho + [me] + [number] + [thing] · Cho + [me] + [verb] · Cho + [me] + tính tiền` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Can, manage to: được after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-can-after-verb/): be able to — `[verb] + được (+ [object]) · [verb] + [object] + được · không + [verb] + được` (A1)
- [Can, may: có thể + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-the-can/): can / may — `[person or thing] + có thể + [verb] (+ được) · Có thể + [sentence] (maybe)` (A1)
- [Don't: đừng + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dung-dont/): don't — `(person) + đừng + [verb] · Đừng có (mà) + [verb]! · Đừng + [verb] + nữa` (A1)
- [Go on, do it / let's: verb + đi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-urge/): do it! / let's — `([person]) + [verb] (+ [object]) + đi (+ [person])! · Mình / Chúng ta + [verb] + đi!` (A1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Polite asking: xin + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xin-please/): please / may I — `xin + [verb] · Cho + [person] + xin + [noun] · [person] + xin phép + [verb]` (A1, polite, At work, Shops and services)
- [Want to: muốn + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muon-want/): want to — `[person] + muốn + [verb] · muốn + [person] + [verb]` (A1)
- [Be allowed to, get to: được + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-before-verb/): allowed to / get the chance to — `[person] + được + [verb]` (A2)
- [Cannot: không thể](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-the-cannot/): cannot — `[person] + không thể / chưa thể + [verb] (+ được)` (A2, At work)
- [Do it for me: verb + giùm / hộ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/giup-ho-favour/): as a favour — `[verb] + giùm / giúp / hộ + (person)` (A2, At work)
- [Go ahead, just keep on: cứ + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cu-go-ahead/): go ahead — `(person) + cứ + [verb] (+ đi / nha)` (A2)
- [It seems: hình như, có vẻ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-ve-seems/): seems — `Hình như + [sentence] (+ thì phải) · [subject] + có vẻ (như) + [adjective or verb]` (A2)
- [Let me: Để + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-let/): let (someone) do — `Để + [person] + [verb]` (A2, At work)
- [Must not: không được + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-duoc-must-not/): must not, not allowed — `[person] + không được + [verb]` (A2)
- [Must, have to: phải + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-must/): must — `[person] + phải + [verb] · không phải + [verb] (don't have to)` (A2)
- [Naming the person softens a command: anh / em (ơi) first, then the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/command-with-address/): commands with an address word — `[person] (ơi), + [verb] … · [verb] + [object]! (blunt)` (A2, spoken, Shops and services)
- [Need (to): cần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/can-need/): need — `[person] + cần + [verb or noun] · không cần + [verb]` (A2)
- [No need to: khỏi + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khoi-no-need/): no need to, don't bother — `khỏi (cần / phải) + [verb] · [A] (rồi) + khỏi + [verb] · Khỏi! (reply)` (A2, spoken)
- [Perhaps: có lẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-le-perhaps/): perhaps — `Có lẽ + [sentence] · [person] + có lẽ + [verb]` (A2)
- [Plan to: định + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dinh-plan/): intend to — `[person] + định + [verb]` (A2)
- [Please (inviting): Mời + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-invite/): please (do) — `Mời + [person] + [verb] · Xin mời + [person] + [verb]` (A2, polite, Shops and services)
- [Please, do me a favour: làm ơn + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-on-please/): please — `(person) + làm ơn + [verb]` (A2, polite)
- [Probably, must be: chắc (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chac-probably/): probably — `Chắc (là) + [sentence] · [person] + chắc + [verb]` (A2)
- [Prohibited (signs and rules): cấm, không + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cam-prohibit/): no …ing / forbidden — `Cấm + [verb] · Không + [verb] (signs) · cấm + [person] + không được + [verb]` (A2, formal)
- [Requesting formally: đề nghị / yêu cầu + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-nghi-yeu-cau/): request, demand — `[person] + đề nghị / yêu cầu + [person] + [verb]` (A2, formal, At work)
- [Should: nên + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nen-should/): should — `[person] + (không) nên + [verb] · khuyên + [person] + nên + [verb]` (A2)
- [Strong or formal command: hãy + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-imperative/): do …! (firm) — `(person) + hãy + [verb] (+ đi)` (A2)
- [That's enough, never mind: Thôi!](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thoi-enough/): stop / enough — `Thôi! · Thôi, [person] + [verb] …` (A2, spoken)
- [Can't manage it (too much, too hard): verb + không nổi / không xuể](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-noi-cannot-manage/): can't manage, can't cope — `[verb] + không nổi · [verb] + không xuể · [verb] + (có) nổi không?` (B1)
- [Dare (not): (không) dám](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dam-dare/): dare — `[person] + (không) dám + [verb]` (B1)
- [Had better: nên … thì hơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nen-thi-hon/): had better — `[person] + nên + [verb] + thì hơn` (B1)
- [I'm afraid that: sợ (là), e (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/so-la-afraid/): I'm afraid (that), softening bad news — `[person] + sợ (là) + [sentence] · [person] + e (là / rằng) + [sentence] (more careful)` (B1, At work)
- [Should have: đáng lẽ (ra), lẽ ra](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dang-le-should-have/): should have — `Đáng lẽ / Lẽ ra + [person] + (phải / nên) + [verb]` (B1)
- [Who knows, maybe: biết đâu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/biet-dau-maybe/): who knows, maybe — `Biết đâu + [person or thing] + (lại) + [verb] · Biết đâu được!` (B1)

## Linking ideas (62)

- [And (listing): và](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/va-and/): and — `[A], [B] và [C] · [verb] và [verb]` (A1)
- [And / whereas, switching to someone else: còn (… thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-whereas/): whereas / as for — `[sentence], còn + [person / time / thing] (+ thì) + [sentence]` (A1)
- [Because …, so …: vì … nên](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-nen-so/): because …, so — `(Vì) + [reason] + (cho) nên + [result]` (A1)
- [Because: vì / tại vì / bởi vì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-because/): because (of) — `[result] + vì / tại vì / bởi vì + [reason] · Vì + [reason] (+ nên) + [result] · Tại vì + [reason]. (answering Sao …?) · vì + [noun]` (A1)
- [But: nhưng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-but/): but — `[A] (,) nhưng + [B] · Nhưng (mà) + [sentence]` (A1)
- [If … then: nếu … (thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/neu-thi-if/): if — `Nếu + [condition] (thì) + [result] · [result] + nếu + [condition] · [condition] + thì + [result]` (A1)
- [In order to: để](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-purpose/): in order to / so that — `[verb 1] + để + [verb 2] · [sentence] + để + [person] + [verb] · [đi / ra / về] + [place] + [verb] (no để) · Để + [verb], …` (A1)
- [With (a person), and in speech: với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/voi-with/): with / and — `[verb] + với + [person] · [verb] + với ai? · [A] + với + [B]` (A1)
- [(I'll do it) then: … vậy at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-final-resigned/): then, no other choice — `[sentence] + vậy` (A2, spoken)
- [Although: mặc dù / tuy … nhưng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mac-du-although/): although — `Mặc dù / Tuy + [sentence], (nhưng) + [person] + vẫn / cũng + [verb] · [sentence] + mặc dù + [sentence]` (A2)
- [And then: rồi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/roi-and-then/): and then — `[verb 1] (+ [object]) + rồi + [verb 2] · [verb 1] + xong rồi + [verb 2]` (A2)
- [And what's more: đã … lại còn …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-lai-con/): not only … but also (same direction) — `[person] + đã + [A] + lại (còn) + [B] (+ nữa)` (A2)
- [Besides, what's more: ngoài … ra, còn … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngoai-ra/): besides / in addition — `Ngoài + [X] (+ ra), [person] + còn / cũng + [verb] · Ngoài ra, … · [person] + còn + [verb] (+ [object]) + nữa` (A2)
- [Both … and, at the same time: vừa … vừa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-vua/): both … and / while — `[person] + vừa + [A] + vừa + [B]` (A2)
- [Both X and Y (nouns): cả … lẫn / cả … và](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ca-lan-both/): both … and (nouns) — `cả + [noun 1] + lẫn / và + [noun 2] (+ đều + [verb])` (A2)
- [But (unexpectedly), and yet: mà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-but-unexpected/): but / yet — `[sentence] (vậy) mà + [sentence]` (A2)
- [Due to, because (formal): do](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-due-to/): due to — `do + [noun or sentence] · [result] + là do + [cause]` (A2, formal)
- [If (you) were to: person + mà + verb … thì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-if-hypothetical/): if X were to — `[person] + mà + [verb] + thì + [result]` (A2, spoken)
- [In that case: vậy thì / thế thì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-thi-in-that-case/): well then — `Vậy thì / Thế thì + [suggestion]` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Like that, so: như vậy / như thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhu-vay-like-that/): like that / so — `[verb] + như vậy / như thế · [adjective] + (đến) như vậy · nghĩ / nói + như vậy` (A2)
- [More and more: (càng) ngày càng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-cang/): increasingly — `[person] + (càng) ngày càng + [adjective or verb]` (A2)
- [Not X but Y: không (phải) … mà …, and X chứ không Y](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-ma-not-but/): not … but … / …, not … — `không (phải là) + [X] + mà (là) + [Y] · [X] + chứ không (phải là) + [Y]` (A2)
- [One more, more: thêm … (nữa)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/them-nua-more/): more / another — `[verb] + thêm + [noun] (+ nữa) · [noun] + nữa` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Or else: kẻo](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/keo-or-else/): or else (something bad) — `[advice], kẻo + [bad result]` (A2)
- [Or in statements: A hoặc B](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoac-or/): A or B (statement) — `[A] + hoặc (là) + [B]` (A2)
- [So as to (spoken): verb + mà + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-purpose/): to, so as to (spoken) — `[verb 1] (+ [object]) + mà + [verb 2]` (A2, spoken)
- [And so, so then: vậy là / thế là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-la-so-then/): and so (it happened) — `[event]. Vậy là / Thế là + [result]` (B1)
- [As long as: miễn là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mien-la-provided/): provided that — `[sentence], miễn là + [sentence]` (B1)
- [As, the way: như + sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhu-as/): as / as if — `[verb] + như + [sentence] · Như + [sentence], …` (B1, At work)
- [Depending on: tùy (theo), tùy vào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tuy-theo/): depending on — `tùy (theo / vào) + [noun] · Tùy + [person]! (up to you)` (B1)
- [Especially: nhất là / đặc biệt là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-la-especially/): especially — `[statement], nhất là / đặc biệt là + [X]` (B1)
- [Even if, even when: dù (cho) … thì … cũng, ngay cả khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/du-even-if/): even if / although — `Dù (cho) + [sentence] + thì + [person] + cũng / vẫn + [verb]` (B1)
- [Even: thậm chí](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tham-chi-even/): even — `…, thậm chí (còn) + [stronger point]` (B1)
- [Except: trừ, ngoại trừ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tru-except/): except — `[statement], trừ / ngoại trừ + [noun]` (B1)
- [Giving examples: chẳng hạn (như), ví dụ, cụ thể là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-du-chang-han/): for example / specifically — `[statement], chẳng hạn (như) / ví dụ (như) + [example] · [example] + chẳng hạn · Cụ thể là, …` (B1)
- [Granted it is X, but …: X + thì + X, nhưng …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thi-thi-concessive/): X it may be, but — `[A] + thì + [A] (thiệt / thật), nhưng (mà) + [B]` (B1)
- [If it had …, would have: nếu (như) … thì … đã](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/neu-unreal-past/): if … had (unreal) — `Nếu (như) + [condition] + thì + [person] + đã + [verb]` (B1)
- [In case (something goes wrong): lỡ / nhỡ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lo-in-case/): in case / what if — `[sentence] + lỡ / nhỡ + [bad event]` (B1)
- [Including: kể cả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ke-ca-including/): including — `[statement], kể cả + [noun]` (B1)
- [Instead of: thay vì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thay-vi-instead/): instead of — `Thay vì + [verb or noun], [person] + [verb]` (B1)
- [It's because of X that …: vì / nhờ / tại … mà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-ma-emphasis/): it is because of … that — `Vì / Nhờ / Tại / Do + [noun] + mà + [person] + [verb]` (B1)
- [Not only … but also: không những / không chỉ … mà còn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-nhung-ma-con/): not only … but also — `không những / không chỉ + [A] + mà còn + [B] (+ nữa) · không chỉ + [noun 1] + mà cả + [noun 2]` (B1)
- [Opening with your view: thật ra, rõ ràng là, nói chung](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/stance-openers/): actually / clearly / in general — `Thật ra / Rõ ràng là / Chắc chắn là / Nói chung / Vấn đề là + [statement]` (B1)
- [Ordering your points: trước hết, một là … hai là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sequencing/): first(ly), second(ly) — `Trước hết, … · Một là …, hai là … · Thứ nhất, … Thứ hai, …` (B1, At work)
- [Referring back to a matter: điều đó, việc này, chuyện đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dieu-do-that-matter/): that (fact just mentioned) — `[verb or preposition] + điều đó / việc đó / chuyện đó / vậy / thế` (B1)
- [Thanks to: nhờ (vào)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nho-thanks-to/): thanks to — `Nhờ (vào) + [noun], … · … nhờ + [noun]` (B1)
- [That's why, therefore: vì vậy / vì thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-vay-therefore/): therefore — `[sentence]. Vì vậy / Vì thế, [sentence]` (B1, At work)
- [The more …, the more: càng … càng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cang-cang/): the more … the more — `[person] + càng + [A] + (thì) + (person 2) + càng + [B]` (B1)
- [The only thing is: (chỉ) có điều (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-dieu-only-thing/): the only thing is, but — `[A], (chỉ) có điều (là) + [B]` (B1)
- [The reason … is that: sở dĩ … là vì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/so-di-la-vi/): the reason (that) … is that — `Sở dĩ + [result] + là vì / là do + [reason]` (B1)
- [There is this, there is that: nào là … nào là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nao-la-listing/): listing many things, often too many — `nào là + [A], nào là + [B] (, nào là + [C])` (B1)
- [Without doing: … mà không + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-khong-without/): without (doing) — `[verb 1] + mà không + [verb 2] · không thể + [A] + mà không + [B]` (B1)
- [As a …: là + noun phrase, then the sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-as-a/): as (being) a … — `Là + [noun phrase], [subject] + [verb] · Với tư cách (là) + [role], …` (B2, formal)
- [However (written): tuy nhiên, song](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tuy-nhien-however/): however — `[statement]. Tuy nhiên, [statement] · [A], song + [B] · Song, [statement]` (B2, formal, written, At work)
- [If only: giá mà, phải chi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gia-nhu-if-only/): if only / I wish — `Giá (mà / như) + [sentence] (+ thì + [sentence]) · Phải chi + [sentence]` (B2)
- [Let alone: … nữa là, huống hồ, huống chi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/huong-ho-let-alone/): let alone, much less — `[A] + còn + [verb], nữa là + [B] · …, huống hồ / huống chi + [B] (written) · Ngay cả + [A] + cũng / còn + [verb], nữa là + [B]` (B2)
- [On the contrary: ngược lại, trái lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nguoc-lai-contrary/): on the contrary, conversely — `[statement]. Ngược lại / Trái lại, [opposite statement] · [A], còn [B] thì ngược lại` (B2)
- [So … that: đến nỗi, đến mức](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/den-noi-so-that/): so … that — `[adjective or verb] + đến nỗi / đến mức + [result]` (B2)
- [Suppose that: giả sử (rằng)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gia-su-suppose/): suppose that — `Giả sử / Giả dụ (rằng) + [sentence] + thì …` (B2, formal)
- [Unless: trừ khi, trừ phi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tru-phi-unless/): unless — `[sentence] + trừ khi / trừ phi + [sentence]` (B2)
- [Whenever (every time): hễ (cứ) … là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/he-whenever/): whenever — `Hễ (cứ) + [sentence] + là / thì + [sentence]` (B2)
- [With the aim of: nhằm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nham-aim/): aimed at — `[action] + nhằm + [verb]` (B2, formal, written)

## Words at the start and end of a sentence (26)

- […, OK? (soft suggestion): nha / nhé](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhe-nha/): …, OK? — `[suggestion or promise] + nha / nhé` (A1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Calling someone: name + ơi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/oi-calling/): hey (calling) — `[name or address word] + ơi!` (A1, spoken, Shops and services)
- [Greeting with chào + the person](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chao-greeting/): hello / goodbye — `(Dạ,) ([your word] +) chào + [address word] (+ [name]) · ([your word] +) cảm ơn / xin lỗi + [address word]` (A1)
- [Of course! … chứ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-of-course/): of course — `Có chứ! · [verb] + chứ!` (A1, spoken)
- [Polite ending to elders: … ạ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-polite/): (respectful ending) — `[sentence] + ạ · Dạ, … ạ` (A1, polite, spoken, At work, Shops and services)
- [Respectful address: thưa + title](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thua-respectful/): (respectful address) — `Thưa + [title or address word], … · Kính thưa + [audience]` (A1, polite)
- [Softening a question: … vậy / thế?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-question-softener/): (softens a question, asks for an explanation) — `[question] + vậy? / thế? / đấy?` (A1, spoken)
- [You know, mind you: … đó / đấy at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-day-statement/): (announcing, warning) — `[statement] + đó! / đấy!` (A1, spoken)
- […, isn't it? (inviting agreement): ha / nhỉ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhi-ha/): …, isn't it? — `[remark] + ha / nhỉ?` (A2, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [At least it has this: được cái](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-cai/): the one good thing is — `[drawback], (nhưng) được cái + [good point]` (A2)
- [Look! Here! … nè, kìa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nay-final-look/): look! / here it is — `[verb] + nè! · [thing] + kìa! · [noun] nè, [noun] nè … (listing)` (A2, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Oh, by the way: À, … at the start](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-initial-oh/): oh (remembering) — `À, + [statement]` (A2, spoken)
- [Unfortunately: tiếc là, rất tiếc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tiec-la-unfortunately/): unfortunately, it's a pity — `(Rất) tiếc là + [sentence] · Rất tiếc, [sentence] (polite refusal) · Tiếc quá!` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Wishing someone well: chúc + person + wish](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chuc-wish/): I wish you …; congratulations — `Chúc + [person] + [adjective or verb phrase] · Chúc mừng + [occasion or person]` (A2)
- [After all, obviously: … (rồi) còn gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-gi-obviously/): it's obvious, after all (mild reproach) — `[statement] + (rồi) còn gì!` (B1, spoken)
- [Besides, by the way: Mà … at the start](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-initial-besides/): besides / anyway — `[statement]. Mà + [statement]` (B1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Gone, lost: verb + mất](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mat-after-verb/): gone, lost (after a verb) — `[verb] + mất (+ rồi)` (B1)
- [I told you! … mà at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-final-insist/): (insisting, that's why) — `[statement] + mà!` (B1, spoken)
- [I'm off now, what now? … đây at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/day-final/): here it is / (wondering) — `[statement] + đây · [question] + đây?` (B1, spoken)
- [Insisting, Northern style: … cơ, cơ mà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-insist-north/): that one, not this; but you said … — `[the right one] + cơ! · [what was said] + cơ mà! · [amount] + cơ (a whole …) · Gì cơ? (sorry, what?)` (B1, spoken)
- [It turns out: hóa ra, thì ra](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoa-ra-turns-out/): it turns out, so that's why — `Hóa ra / Thì ra (là) + [sentence] · Thì ra vậy! · tưởng + [A], hóa ra + [B]` (B1)
- [Luckily: may (mà), may là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-ma-luckily/): fortunately — `May (mà / là) + [sentence]` (B1)
- [No wonder: hèn chi / thảo nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thao-nao-no-wonder/): no wonder — `Hèn chi / Thảo nào + [statement]` (B1)
- [Who else? Of course! … chứ ai, chứ gì, chứ sao](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-ai-who-else/): who else, what else, of course — `[answer] + chứ ai! · [guess] + chứ gì? (right?) · Chứ sao! · Chứ còn gì nữa!` (B1, spoken)
- [Running into something bad: verb + phải](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-bad-luck/): (accidentally) hit on something bad — `[verb] + phải + [object]` (B2)
- [So very …! Adj + ơi là + Adj](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/oi-la/): so so …! — `[adjective] + ơi là + [adjective]!` (B2, spoken, Messages and social media)

## Things, counting and numbers (61)

- [A lot, a little: verb + nhiều / ít](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhieu-it-after-verb/): a lot / little (how much you do) — `[verb] + nhiều / ít (+ hơn) · ít + [verb] (= not often, not much)` (A1)
- [All alike, both: đều before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/deu-all/): all / both — `[plural subject] + đều + [verb or adjective] · [object], [person] + đều + [verb]` (A1)
- [All of them (plural): các](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cac-plural/): plural, the whole set — `các + [noun]` (A1)
- [Big numbers: trăm, ngàn / nghìn, triệu, tỷ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/big-numbers/): hundreds to billions — `[n] + trăm · [n] + ngàn / nghìn · [n] + triệu · [n] + tỷ` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Brother, sister, son, daughter: trai / gái after the family word](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trai-gai/): male / female (kin) — `em / anh / con / bạn + trai · em / chị / con / bạn + gái` (A1)
- [Classifier alone when the noun is clear: cái này, con kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-alone/): this one, that one — `[classifier] + này / đó / kia / nào · [number] + [classifier]` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Classifier for one particular thing, bare noun for things in general: con chó này, chó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-specific-general/): one particular thing vs things in general — `[classifier] + [noun] (that one) · [noun] (in general)` (A1)
- [Counting by container: một chai nước, một tô phở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/measure-container/): a bottle of, a bowl of — `[number] + [container or measure] + [noun]` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Counting things: number + classifier + noun (hai con chó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/num-clf-noun/): counting with a classifier — `[number] + [classifier] + [noun]` (A1)
- [Couples and pairs of people: hai vợ chồng, hai anh em](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hai-vo-chong/): X and his wife / my brother and I — `hai + vợ chồng / anh em / mẹ con + (name or pronoun)` (A1)
- [Describing words come after the noun: nhà lớn, not lớn nhà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-after-noun/): adjective after noun — `[noun] + [adjective] · [noun] + [noun modifier]` (A1)
- [Empty places in numbers: lẻ / linh, không trăm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/linh-le-zero/): 'zero' tens and hundreds — `[x] trăm lẻ / linh [y] · [x] ngàn / nghìn không trăm [y]` (A1)
- [First, second: thứ + number (thứ nhất, thứ tư)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ordinals/): ordinal numbers — `thứ + [number] · thứ nhất · thứ tư` (A1)
- [Languages: tiếng + country](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tieng-language/): language name — `(nói) + tiếng + [country]` (A1)
- [Many, few: nhiều / ít + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhieu-it/): many / few — `nhiều / ít + [noun]` (A1)
- [Names: family name first, address by the given name (Nguyễn Văn An is anh An)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/name-order/): Vietnamese name order — `[family] + [middle] + [given] · [address word] + [given name]` (A1)
- [Nationality: người + country](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nguoi-country-nationality/): nationality — `[person] + là + người + [country] · … người nước nào?` (A1)
- [Numbers 11–99: mười becomes mươi, năm becomes lăm, một becomes mốt](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muoi-tens/): counting from 11 to 99 — `mười + [unit] (11–19) · [unit] + mươi (+ [unit]) (20–99) · mười lăm · [x] mươi lăm · [x] mươi mốt · [x] mươi bốn / tư` (A1)
- [Some of them (plural): những](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-plural/): plural, a subset — `những + (classifier) + [noun] (+ restricting words)` (A1)
- [The full noun phrase: number + classifier + noun + adjective + này (hai cái áo đẹp này)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/np-full-order/): noun phrase order — `[number] or những / các + [classifier] + [noun] + [adjective] + này / đó / kia` (A1)
- [The owner comes after the noun: nhà của tôi, mẹ tôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/owner-after-noun/): possession — `[noun] + (của) + [owner]` (A1)
- [This is, that is: Đây là, Đó là, Kia là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/day-la-this-is/): this / that is — `Đây / Đó / Kia + là + [noun]` (A1)
- [This, that after the noun: … này, … đó, … kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noun-nay-this/): this / that (noun) — `(classifier) + [noun] + này / đó / kia` (A1)
- [Which classifier: cái for things, con for animals, người for people, and the common others](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-cai-chiec/): picking the classifier — `cái / chiếc + [thing] · con + [animal; also roads, rivers, knives] · người / vị + [person] · cuốn / quyển + [book] · trái / quả + [fruit] · tờ / tấm + [flat thing] · căn / ngôi / tòa + [building] · cây + [tree, stick] · bộ + [set, film] · bức + [letter, picture] · đôi / cặp + [pair] · viên + [pill] · món + [dish, gift] · thứ + [kind]` (A1)
- [Without, when ordering: dish + không + ingredient](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-without-ordering/): without (an ingredient) — `[dish or drink] + không + [ingredient] · [dish] + ít + [ingredient] (less)` (A1, Shops and services)
- [A few: vài / mấy + classifier + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vai-few/): a few — `vài / mấy / một vài + [classifier] + [noun]` (A2)
- [A little: một ít, một chút, một tí](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-it-a-little/): a little (amount) — `[verb] + một ít / một chút / một tí + [noun]` (A2, Shops and services)
- [A number of, some: một số](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-so/): some, a number of — `một số + [noun] (no classifier)` (A2)
- [About (a number): khoảng / chừng / độ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khoang-about/): approximately — `khoảng / chừng / độ + [number]` (A2)
- [All: tất cả (các)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tat-ca-all/): all — `tất cả (các) + [noun] (+ đều + [verb]) · tất cả + [plural pronoun]` (A2)
- [Belongs to: (là) của, and không phải (là) của for not](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-cua-belongs/): belongs to — `[thing] + (là) + của + [owner] · [thing] + không phải (là) + của + [owner] · [thing] + có phải (là) + của + [owner] + không?` (A2)
- [City, river, province before the name: thành phố Hà Nội](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/status-noun-name/): type word + name — `thành phố / tỉnh / sông / đường + [name]` (A2)
- [Classifier for rain, storms, fevers, anger: cơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-con-weather/): bouts — `cơn + mưa / bão / sốt / giận` (A2)
- [Compass points: Đông Nam, Tây Bắc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/compass-order/): north-east etc. — `Đông / Tây + Nam / Bắc` (A2)
- [Describing a noun with a verb phrase, no 'who / which': người tới hôm qua](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/relative-no-ma/): noun + verb phrase — `[noun] + [verb phrase]` (A2)
- [Each … (so much): mỗi + noun + amount](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-each/): each — `mỗi + [noun] + [amount] · mỗi + [time] + [number] + lần` (A2)
- [Each one in turn: từng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tung-each-one/): each one, one by one — `từng + [noun] (+ một)` (A2)
- [Enough: đủ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/du-enough/): enough — `đủ + [noun] · đủ + [adjective] (+ để + [verb])` (A2)
- [Every, all: mọi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-every/): every — `mọi + [noun] · mọi người` (A2)
- [Fractions, percent, decimals: phần, phần trăm, phẩy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/fractions-percent/): fractions and percentages — `[n] + phần + [n] · [number] + phần trăm · [n] + phẩy + [n]` (A2)
- [Half and … and a half: nửa, rưỡi, rưởi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nua-ruoi-half/): half — `(một) nửa + [noun] · [number] + [unit] + rưỡi · một trăm rưởi` (A2)
- [More than, under, nearly + number: hơn, dưới, gần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hon-number-more-than/): over / under / almost (amounts) — `hơn / trên / dưới / gần / không quá / chưa đến + [number]` (A2)
- [No những / các after a number, no plural word when the context shows it: ba con chó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bare-noun-plural/): no plural marking — `[number] + [classifier] + [noun] · [noun] (plural from context)` (A2)
- [One of the …: một trong những](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-trong-nhung/): one of the — `một trong những + [noun] + (adjective) + nhất` (A2)
- [Sums: cộng với, trừ đi, nhân với, chia cho](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/arithmetic/): arithmetic — `[a] + cộng với / trừ đi / nhân với / chia cho + [b] + là / bằng + [c]` (A2)
- [Ten-something, twenty-something: mười mấy, hai mươi mấy, mấy chục](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muoi-may-ten-something/): in the teens, twenties; dozens of — `mười mấy + [noun] · [x] mươi mấy + [noun] · mấy chục / mấy trăm + [noun]` (A2)
- [The whole, all of: cả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ca-whole/): all / the whole — `cả + [group or time period] · cả + [number] + [noun] · cả hai` (A2)
- [When của cannot be dropped: cái áo đẹp của tôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-required/): của needed after other modifiers — `[classifier] + [noun] + [adjective] + của + [owner]` (A2)
- [Which, that (the noun as object): noun + mà + sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/relative-ma/): which / that / who(m) — `[noun] + mà + [person] + [verb]` (A2)
- [Classifier for fields (economy, culture): nền](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-nen/): classifier for abstract fields — `nền + kinh tế / văn hóa / giáo dục` (B1, formal)
- [Dozens of, thousands of: hàng chục, hàng ngàn / nghìn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hang-chuc-dozens/): tens / hundreds of — `hàng + chục / trăm / ngàn / triệu + [noun]` (B1)
- [Most: hầu hết](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hau-het-most/): most — `hầu hết + (các) + [noun]` (B1)
- [Nothing but: toàn (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/toan-la-nothing-but/): all, nothing but — `toàn (là) + [noun] · toàn + [noun] + là + [noun]` (B1)
- [Only so few, as many as: có + number, tới … lận / những + number](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-number-as-many/): only (small) / as many as (large) — `có + [number] (+ thôi) (only) · tới + [number] + lận (as many as, Saigon) · những + [number] + [noun] (as many as, Hà Nội and writing)` (B1)
- [Twice as, three times as: gấp đôi, gấp ba](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gap-doi-times/): X times as … — `[adjective] + gấp đôi / gấp ba (lần) + [comparison]` (B1)
- [Where (the place in which): nơi (mà)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noi-where-relative/): where (relative) — `[place noun] + nơi (mà) + [sentence] · [verb] + (ở / đến) nơi + [sentence]` (B1)
- [Emotional cái in front of a noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cai-emphatic/): (emphasis, emotion) — `cái + [classifier] + [noun] · cái + [name] (Northern colloquial)` (B2, spoken)
- [So many: bao nhiêu là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-nhieu-la-so-many/): so many, loads of — `bao nhiêu là + [noun]` (B2)
- [The beautiful, the good: cái + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cai-nominal/): the … (abstract) — `cái + [adjective or verb]` (B2, formal, written)
- [The day when, the reason why: noun + mà, khi, vì sao](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khi-ma-when-relative/): when / why (after a noun) — `[time noun] + (mà) + [sentence] · [time noun] + khi + [sentence] (written) · lý do / nguyên nhân + vì sao / tại sao + [sentence]` (B2, formal)
- [The entire (formal): toàn, toàn bộ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/toan-whole-formal/): the whole, entire — `toàn + [word for a place or group] (toàn quốc, toàn thành phố) · toàn bộ + [noun] (toàn bộ số tiền)` (B2, formal)

## How much, and comparing (30)

- [A bit, slightly: hơi + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoi-a-bit/): a bit — `hơi + [adjective]` (A1)
- [As … as: bằng / như](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-nhu-as-as/): as … as — `[A] + [adjective] + bằng / như + [B] · [A] + cũng + [adjective] + như + [B]` (A1)
- [How you do it: adjective after the verb (nói giỏi, chạy nhanh)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/manner-adj-after-verb/): how: well, fast, slowly — `[verb] (+ [object]) + [adjective]` (A1)
- [More … than: adjective + hơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hon-more-than/): …er than — `[A] + [adjective] + hơn + [B] · [verb] + [adjective] + hơn · [A] + hơn + [B] + [amount]` (A1)
- [Quite, fairly: khá + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/kha-quite/): quite — `khá + [adjective]` (A1)
- [So …! and too …: quá after or before](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qua-so/): so … ! / too … — `[adjective] + quá! · quá + [adjective] (too)` (A1)
- [The most: adjective + nhất](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-most/): the …est — `[adjective] + nhất (+ trong + [group]) · [feeling verb] + [object] + nhất · [feeling verb] + nhất là + [object]` (A1)
- [Very (spoken): lắm after the adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-very/): very, really — `[adjective or feeling verb] + lắm` (A1)
- [Very: rất before the adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/rat-very/): very — `rất + [adjective or feeling verb]` (A1)
- [Another, different: khác, khác nhau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khac-other/): other / different — `[noun] + khác · [A] + khác + [B] · [plural noun] + khác nhau · ai khác / cái khác` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Compared with: so với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/so-voi/): compared with — `So với + [B], [A] + [adjective] + hơn · [A] + [adjective] + hơn + so với + [B]` (A2)
- [Fairly, it's OK: cũng + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-fairly-ok/): fairly / it'll do — `[person] + cũng + [adjective or verb] · Cũng được.` (A2)
- [Getting more or less: adjective + ra / lên / đi / lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-change-ra-di/): become more / less … — `[adjective] + ra / lên (more) · [adjective] + đi / lại (less)` (A2)
- [No preposition after some adjectives: giỏi toán, gần nhà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-object/): good at / near (no preposition) — `[adjective] + [noun] · [A] + xa / gần + [B]` (A2)
- [Not as … as: không … bằng / như](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-bang-less/): not as … as — `[A] + không + [adjective] + bằng / như + [B]` (A2)
- [Really, truly: thật / thật là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/that-really/): really — `thật (là) + [adjective] · [adjective] + thật! · [adjective] + thật là + [adjective]!` (A2)
- [So …! (surprise): adjective + vậy / thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-vay-so-adj/): so (surprised) — `[adjective] + vậy! / thế!` (A2, spoken)
- [The most … is X: adjective + nhất + là + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-la-superlative-topic/): the …est is … — `([place / time]), [adjective] + nhất + là + [noun]` (A2)
- [Even …er: còn + adjective + hơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-hon-even/): even more — `[A] + còn + [adjective] + hơn (+ [B])` (B1)
- [Less … than: kém / ít … hơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/kem-less/): less … than — `[A] + kém / ít + [adjective] + hơn + [B]` (B1)
- [No different from: (chẳng) khác gì, khác nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khac-gi-just-like/): just like, no different from — `[A] + (chẳng / không) khác gì + [B] · [A] + khác nào + [B]` (B1)
- [Really so …!: adjective + quá trời, quá chừng, ghê](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/exclaim-intensifiers/): so very …! — `[adjective] + quá trời! · [adjective] + quá chừng! / ghê! · [adjective] + làm sao! (literary)` (B1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Would rather: thà … còn hơn / chứ không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tha-con-hon/): would rather — `[person] + thà + [A] + còn hơn / chứ không + [B]` (B1)
- [X long, X tall, X heavy: dài / cao / nặng + number + unit](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-measure/): measurements — `[thing] + dài / cao / nặng / rộng + [number] + [unit]` (B1)
- [Adjectives with a built-in very: trắng tinh, nặng trịch (no rất)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/intensified-adjectives/): intensified adjectives — `[adjective] + [fixed syllable]` (B2)
- [Extremely: hết sức, vô cùng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/het-suc-vo-cung/): extremely — `hết sức / vô cùng + [two-syllable adjective or verb]` (B2, formal)
- [In a … way: một cách + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-cach/): in a … manner — `[verb] + một cách + [two-syllable adjective]` (B2, formal)
- [Manner word before the verb in formal writing: tích cực tham gia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/manner-before-verb/): adverb before verb (written) — `[two-syllable adjective] + [verb] (= [verb] + [adjective])` (B2, formal, written)
- [No less than: không kém (gì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-kem-gi/): no less than — `[A] + [adjective] + không kém (gì) + [B]` (B2, formal)
- [Second biggest, after X: … thứ hai, sau …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thu-hai-sau/): second …est after … — `[noun] + [adjective] + thứ hai + [place], sau + [noun 2]` (B2)

## Là, có, and how verbs work together (57)

- [Adjectives need no là: Chị ấy đẹp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-no-la/): no 'to be' before adjectives — `[person or thing] + (rất) + [adjective] · [person] + sắp / sẽ + [adjective] · [person] + đang + [passing state] · [adjective] + rồi` (A1)
- [Again: verb + lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lai-again/): again, re- — `[verb] (+ [object]) + lại · [verb] + lại + [object] · [verb] + đi + [verb] + lại (again and again)` (A1)
- [Also, too: cũng before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-also/): also — `[person] + cũng + [verb or adjective] · [person] + cũng là + [noun]` (A1)
- [By oneself: tự … (lấy), một mình](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-lay-by-oneself/): by oneself — `[person] + tự + [verb] (+ lấy) · [verb] + lấy · [person] + [verb] + một mình` (A1)
- [Have: có](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-have/): have — `[person] + có + [noun] · không có / chưa có + [noun]` (A1)
- [Is (a noun): là links two nouns](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-noun/): to be (+ noun) — `[person or thing] + là + [noun]` (A1)
- [Jobs: là / làm + job, làm gì?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-lam-job/): be / work as — `[person] + là / làm + [job] · [person] + làm (nghề) gì? · [person] + làm (việc) ở + [place]` (A1)
- [Me too, so do I: cũng vậy / cũng thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-vay-me-too/): me too — `[person] + cũng vậy / cũng thế` (A1)
- [No preposition where English has one: chờ ai, nghe nhạc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/direct-object-no-prep/): direct object — `[verb] + [object] (no preposition)` (A1)
- [Only: chỉ … thôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chi-thoi-only/): only — `[person] + chỉ + [verb] (+ [object]) + thôi` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Subject, verb, object: Tôi ăn cơm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/svo-order/): basic word order — `[subject] + [verb] + [object]` (A1)
- [Talking to, meeting someone: nói với, giới thiệu … với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-voi/): verbs that take với — `nói / nói chuyện / hứa / làm quen + với + [person] · giới thiệu + [A] + với + [B]` (A1)
- [There is, there are: (place) + có + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-there-is/): there is / are — `Có + [noun] + … · [place] + có + [noun] · [time] + (ở + [place]) + có + [noun]` (A1, Shops and services)
- [Together: cùng (với)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-together/): together, with — `[plural subject] + cùng + [verb] · [verb] + cùng (với) + [person] · [verb] + cùng (along)` (A1)
- [Verb + verb with no 'to': thích học, đi ăn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-verb/): verb chains — `[verb 1] + [verb 2] (+ [verb 3])` (A1)
- [(Not) in time: (không) kịp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/kip-in-time/): have (no) time to — `[person] + không + [verb] + kịp · [person] + kịp + [verb] · (cũng) kịp` (A2)
- [About (a topic): về](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ve-about/): about — `[verb] + về + [topic] · nghĩ / nhắc + tới / đến + [thing] (mention)` (A2)
- [As for X: X + thì …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thi-topic/): topic / contrast with thì — `[topic] + thì + [comment] · [verb phrase] + thì + [person] + [verb] · [object] + thì + [person] + [verb]` (A2)
- [Back, together, shut: trả lại, đóng lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lai-back-shut/): back / closed / together — `[verb] (+ [object]) + lại` (A2)
- [Become: trở thành + noun, trở nên + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tro-thanh-nen/): become — `[person] + trở thành + [noun] · [person] + trở nên + [adjective]` (A2)
- [Being ill or in a bad state: bị + illness or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bi-bad-state/): suffer from — `[person] + (bị) + đau / sốt + … · [person] + bị + cảm / cúm · [thing] + (hơi) bị + [bad adjective]` (A2)
- [Being used to: quen + verb, quen với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/quen-used-to/): be used to — `[person] + (đã) quen + [verb] · [person] + quen với + [noun]` (A2)
- [Borrowing from, lending: mượn … của, cho … mượn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-borrow-from/): borrow from / lend — `mượn / vay + [thing] + (của) + [person] · cho + [person] + mượn / vay + [thing]` (A2)
- [Called, regarded as: gọi … là, coi … là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/goi-coi-la/): call / regard X as Y — `[A] + (được) gọi là + [B] · coi + [A] + là / như + [B]` (A2)
- [Did indeed: stressed có before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-emphatic/): do (emphatic) — `[person] + có + [verb] (stressed)` (A2, spoken)
- [Doing X is …: a verb phrase as the subject, no 'to' or '-ing' (Học tiếng Việt khó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-subject/): verb as subject — `[verb phrase] + là / thì + …` (A2)
- [Each other: nhau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhau-each-other/): each other — `[A] và [B] + [verb] + nhau · [verb] + với / cho + nhau` (A2)
- [Even X: (ngay) cả … cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-ca-even/): even — `(Ngay) cả + [X] + (person) + cũng + [verb]` (A2)
- [Get (good) or suffer (bad): được / bị + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-bi-receive/): receive / suffer — `[person] + được + [good thing] · [person] + bị + [bad thing]` (A2)
- [Give someone something: cho / tặng + person + thing](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-give-order/): give (no 'to') — `cho / tặng / trả / biếu + [person] + [thing]` (A2)
- [I find, I feel: thấy + adjective or sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thay-feel-find/): feel; find (in my view) — `[person] + thấy + [adjective] · [person] + thấy + [sentence] (opinion)` (A2)
- [I heard that: nghe nói](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nghe-noi-hearsay/): I've heard that — `(person) + nghe nói + [sentence]` (A2)
- [It only takes … to: chỉ … là …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chi-la/): only takes … and — `chỉ + [verb] + [amount] + là + [verb 2]` (A2)
- [Made or written by: do + doer + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-passive-agent/): by (the doer) — `[thing] + (là) + do + [doer] + [verb]` (A2, formal)
- [Making someone feel or do: làm (cho)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-cho-cause/): make / cause — `[cause] + làm (cho) + [person] + [verb or adjective]` (A2)
- [OK, fine: được as 'good enough'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-ok/): fine, acceptable — `… được (đó / đấy) · không được + [adjective] (lắm) (softened negative)` (A2)
- [Passive for bad things: bị + (doer) + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bi-passive/): is …ed (unwelcome) — `[subject] + bị + ([doer]) + [verb]` (A2)
- [Passive for good things: được + (doer) + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-passive/): is …ed (welcome) — `[subject] + được + ([doer]) + [verb]` (A2)
- [Seeing, hearing (the result): nhìn thấy, nghe thấy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thay-sense-result/): perceive — `nhìn / nghe / ngửi / sờ + thấy (+ [object])` (A2)
- [Telling, making, asking someone to: kêu / bảo, bắt, nhờ + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/causative-bao-bat/): tell / make / ask someone to — `[person] + kêu / bảo / bắt / nhờ / cho / nhắc / khuyên + [person 2] + [verb]` (A2, At work)
- [That (after say, think): rằng / là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/rang-la-that/): that (+ sentence) — `[person] + nói / nghĩ / biết + (rằng / là) + [sentence]` (A2)
- [The very, exactly: chính](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chinh-very/): it was X who / the very — `Chính + [person] + [verb] · [X] + chính là + [Y] · Chính + [X] + là + [noun] + (mà) …` (A2)
- [To or for someone: verb + thing + cho + person](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-to-for/): send / buy / sell to, work for — `[verb] + [thing] + cho + [person] · [verb] + cho + [person] + [long object] · làm việc cho + [company]` (A2)
- [Try doing: verb + thử (coi / xem)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thu-try/): try (and see) — `[verb] + thử · [verb] + thử + coi / xem · thử + [verb] + coi / xem` (A2, Shops and services)
- [Again (annoyingly), unexpectedly: lại before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lai-before-verb/): again / instead / contrary to expectation — `[person] + lại + [verb] · …, còn + [person] + lại + [verb]` (B1)
- [Did it by mistake: lỡ / trót + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lo-by-mistake/): accidentally, already (and can't undo) — `[person] + lỡ / trót + [verb] (+ rồi) · lỡ tay · lỡ miệng` (B1)
- [Figuring out, realising: verb + ra (nhận ra, nghĩ ra, tìm ra)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ra-discover/): realise, come up with, find out — `nhận / nghĩ / tìm / nhớ + ra (+ [object]) · không + [verb] + ra · [verb] + không ra (Saigon)` (B1)
- [I think he isn't …: không goes in the part after nghĩ là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/negation-in-subclause/): negation after think — `[person] + nghĩ (là) + [person 2] + không + [verb]` (B1)
- [Telling someone: kể / nói … cho … nghe](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-nghe/): tell (to someone) — `kể / nói / hát / giải thích + cho + [person] + nghe + [thing]` (B1)
- [Thought (wrongly): tưởng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tuong-mistaken/): thought (but it wasn't so) — `[person] + tưởng + [sentence]` (B1)
- [Topic, then a small sentence about it: Cô ấy tóc dài](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/double-subject/): X, her hair is long — `[topic] + [noun] + [adjective or verb]` (B1)
- [Verbs that take đến: ảnh hưởng đến, liên quan đến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/den-verbs/): affect, relate to — `[A] + ảnh hưởng / liên quan / tác động + đến / tới + [B]` (B1, formal)
- [By, in written passives: được / bị … bởi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/boi-passive/): by (in written passives) — `[subject] + được / bị + [verb] + bởi + [cause]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Choosing or taking as: bầu / cử / chọn / lấy … làm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bau-lam/): elect as — `bầu / cử / bổ nhiệm / chọn + [person] + làm + [role] · [person] + được bầu làm + [role]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Happen, take place: xảy ra, diễn ra, with the event after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xay-ra-dien-ra/): happen / take place — `[event] + xảy ra / diễn ra + [time or place] · [place] + xảy ra + [event]` (B2, formal)
- [Hearing this, seeing that: a verb phrase before the subject (Nghe tin, cô ấy khóc)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/fronted-verb-phrase/): on hearing / seeing …, the subject … — `[verb phrase], [subject] + [verb 2] · Thấy + [sentence], [subject] + (liền) + [verb]` (B2)
- [là before an adjective for emphasis or in formal writing](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-adj-emphatic/): emphatic là + adjective — `[person or thing] + là + (rất) + [adjective] · … rằng + [subject] + là + [adjective]` (B2, formal, written)

## Places and movement (15)

- [At, in, live: ở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-at/): be at / in — `[person] + ở + [place] · [verb] + ở + [place]` (A1)
- [By, with, in: bằng (transport, tool, language)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-by-means/): by / with / in — `đi + bằng + [vehicle] · [verb] + bằng + [tool] · viết / nói + bằng + tiếng + [language] · … bằng gì?` (A1)
- [đi + place, no 'to': đi Hà Nội, đi chợ, đi làm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-place-no-prep/): go to (no preposition) — `đi + [city, country, or set place] · đi + làm / học` (A1)
- [Here, there: ở đây, ở đó, đằng kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-day-here/): here / there — `(ở) đây · (ở) đó · (ở) đằng kia` (A1)
- [Position words: trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, trước, sau, cạnh](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/location-words/): on / under / in / out / in front / behind / next to — `(ở) + trên / dưới / trong / ngoài / trước / sau / (bên) cạnh / giữa + [noun]` (A1)
- [According to, in my opinion: theo](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/theo-according/): according to — `Theo + [person or source], [statement] · Theo tôi, …` (A2)
- [At (formal): tại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tai-at-formal/): at (written) — `tại + [place]` (A2, formal, Shops and services)
- [Beginning and end of: đầu / cuối + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dau-cuoi/): start / end of — `đầu / cuối + [time or place noun]` (A2)
- [Direction words follow the map and the speaker: ra Hà Nội, vô Sài Gòn, lên Đà Lạt, lên lầu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vao-ra-north-south/): which direction word for which place — `(đi) ra + [northern place] · (đi) vô / vào + [southern place] · lên + [highland place, upper floor] · xuống + [lowland place, lower floor] · trên / dưới + [place] (seen from where the speaker is)` (A2)
- [For, towards, as for: đối với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/doi-voi/): for / towards — `Đối với + [person or thing], … · [adjective] + đối với + [person]` (A2, formal)
- [Made of: (làm) bằng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-material/): made of — `[thing] + (làm) bằng + [material]` (A2)
- [Moving in a direction: ra, vô / vào, lên, xuống, về, qua, tới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/direction-verbs/): out / in / up / down / back / across / to — `(đi) + ra / vô / lên / xuống / về / qua / tới + [place] · lên / xuống + xe` (A2)
- [Out of, leave: ra khỏi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ra-khoi/): get out of — `ra khỏi + [place] · ra + [place] (go out to)` (A2)
- [Verb + direction: chạy ra, mang về, đứng lên](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/v-direction-complement/): motion verb + direction — `[verb] + ra / vô / lên / xuống / về / qua + ([place]) · mang / đem / gửi + [thing] + về / vô / tới + [place]` (A2)
- [Went and came back, back from: đi … về, ở … về](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-ve-return-from/): be back from — `[person] + đi + [place] + về · [person] + ở + [place] + về` (A2)

## Talking to and about people (10)

- [He, she the Southern way: ảnh, chỉ, ổng, bả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/anh-chi-folded/): he / she (spoken Southern) — `anh ấy → ảnh · chị ấy → chỉ · ông ấy → ổng · bà ấy → bả · em ấy → ẻm · cô ấy → cổ` (A1, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [He, she, it: anh ấy, chị ấy, and nó for children and things](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/anh-ay-he/): he / she / it — `[kinship word] + ấy · nó (a child, an animal, a thing) · chúng nó` (A1)
- [mình: friendly I, we with you, and oneself](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/minh-i-we/): I (friendly) / we / oneself — `mình (I, to friends and partners) · tụi mình / chúng mình (we, with the listener) · [person] + [verb] (+ cho) + mình (oneself)` (A1, Messages and social media)
- [The neutral I and you: tôi, bạn, and when they sound cold](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/toi-i/): I / you (neutral) — `tôi · bạn · các bạn` (A1)
- [We without you, we with you: chúng tôi, chúng ta](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chung-toi-ta/): we (exclusive / inclusive) — `chúng tôi (not the listener) · chúng ta (with the listener) · chúng em (to a teacher)` (A1)
- [You all, they: các anh, các chị ấy, họ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cac-plural-you/): plural you / they — `các + [kinship word] (you all) · các + [kinship word] + ấy (they) · họ (they, distant)` (A1)
- [You and I are family words: anh, chị, em, cô, chú, ba / mẹ and con, thầy / cô and em](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/address-kinship/): address by age and relationship — `[kinship word] = you / I · em ↔ anh / chị · con ↔ cô / chú · con ↔ ba / má or ba / mẹ (S), bố / mẹ (N) · em ↔ thầy / cô · bác sĩ = you` (A1)
- [Casual I and you between friends: tui – ông / bà, tao – mày, tớ – cậu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tao-may/): I – you (very familiar) — `tui ↔ ông / bà (Southern, friends of the same age) · tao ↔ mày (very casual) · tớ ↔ cậu (Northern, young friends)` (A2, spoken)
- [People, they (in general): người ta](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nguoi-ta/): one / people — `người ta + [verb]` (A2)
- [He, she with a negative tone: hắn, y, ả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/han-negative/): he / she (contemptuous) — `hắn · y · ả` (B2)

## How words are built (18)

- [Doubling softens: đo đỏ, xanh xanh (-ish)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-ish/): -ish, a little — `[adjective] doubled, often with a tone change (đỏ → đo đỏ)` (A2)
- [Events and sessions: cuộc + word, buổi + word (cuộc họp, buổi học)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cuoc-event-noun/): an event / a session — `cuộc + [verb, adjective or noun] (cuộc họp, cuộc sống) · buổi + [noun or verb] (buổi họp)` (A2, At work)
- [Head of: trưởng (trưởng phòng, hiệu trưởng)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/truong-head/): head of — `trưởng + [unit] · [office] + trưởng` (A2, At work)
- [Members and staff: word + viên (nhân viên, hội viên)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vien-member/): member / staff — `[noun] + viên` (A2)
- [Pair words mean things in general: quần áo, bàn ghế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/paired-compound-collective/): collective pairs — `[noun 1][noun 2] (general sense, not counted with a number)` (A2)
- [Professionals: nhà + field (nhà báo, nhà khoa học)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nha-profession/): -ist / -er (profession) — `nhà + [field]` (A2)
- [Every morning, every house: doubled words (sáng sáng, nhà nhà, ai ai cũng)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-every/): every …, all without exception — `[time word] doubled + [verb] · [noun] doubled (nhà nhà, người người) · ai ai / đâu đâu + cũng + [verb]` (B1)
- [Feelings as nouns: nỗi buồn, niềm vui](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noi-niem-feeling-nouns/): turning a feeling into a noun — `nỗi + [painful feeling] (nỗi buồn, nỗi nhớ) · niềm + [glad feeling] (niềm vui, niềm tin)` (B1)
- [The doing of something: việc + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/viec-nominal/): the act of …ing — `việc + [verb phrase]` (B1, formal)
- [Turning a verb or adjective into a noun: sự + word](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/su-nominal/): the … (abstract noun) — `sự + [verb or adjective] (sự phát triển)` (B1, formal)
- [… and stuff (dismissive): sách siếc, học hiếc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-iec/): X and all that (dismissive) — `[word] + [copy with -iếc]` (B2, spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Making something more so: word + hóa (hiện đại hóa)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoa-ize/): -ize / -ization — `[noun or adjective] + hóa` (B2, formal)
- [Naming doctrines and fields: chủ nghĩa + word, word + học](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-nghia-ism/): -ism / -logy — `chủ nghĩa + [noun or adjective] (chủ nghĩa cá nhân) · [field] + học (xã hội học)` (B2, formal)
- [New, former, great before the noun: tân, cựu, đại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sino-adj-before/): new / former / big (before the noun) — `tân / cựu / đại + [Sino-Vietnamese noun] (= [noun] + mới / cũ)` (B2, formal)
- [Rhyming doubles for things in general: cây cối, máy móc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-collective/): … and the like — `[noun] + [rhyming copy] (cây cối, máy móc)` (B2)
- [The quality of: tính + word (tính khả thi)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tinh-ity/): -ity / -ness — `tính + [adjective or noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Three- and four-syllable doubles intensify: vội vội vàng vàng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-intense/): intensified — `[AB] → [A A B B] · sound words doubled (ầm ầm)` (B2)
- [Un-, non-, -less in Sino-Vietnamese words: bất-, vô-, phi-](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bat-vo-negating/): un- / -less — `bất + [Sino-Vietnamese root] · vô + [Sino-Vietnamese root] · phi + [Sino-Vietnamese root]` (B2, formal)

## News, official and academic writing (59)

- [Opening and closing a letter: Kính gửi …, … thân mến, Trân trọng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/letter-formulas/): letter openings and closings — `Kính gửi / Kính thưa + [title, name], (formal) · [name] + thân mến, (friendly) · Trân trọng, (formal closing) · Thân, (friendly closing)` (A2, polite, written, At work)
- [A whole series of: hàng loạt, một loạt](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hang-loat/): a series of / many — `hàng loạt / một loạt + [noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Accordingly, under which: theo đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/theo-do/): accordingly — `[rule or plan]. Theo đó, [detail]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Adding a point: bên cạnh đó, hơn nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ben-canh-do/): besides, moreover — `[statement]. Bên cạnh đó / Hơn nữa, [statement]` (B2, formal, written)
- [As of (a date), up to: tính đến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tinh-den/): as of — `Tính đến + [date], [figure]` (B2, formal)
- [As the law lays down: theo quy định (tại khoản … Điều …)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/theo-quy-dinh/): as stipulated (in) — `theo quy định (của pháp luật) · theo quy định tại (điểm [a]) khoản [1] Điều [5] + [law]` (B2, formal)
- [As well as: A cũng như B](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-nhu/): as well as — `[A] + cũng như + [B]` (B2, formal)
- [At the same time, also: đồng thời](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dong-thoi/): simultaneously / also — `[action 1], đồng thời + [action 2] · Đồng thời, …` (B2, formal)
- [Based on: dựa trên, trên cơ sở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dua-tren-basis/): based on — `dựa trên / dựa vào / trên cơ sở + [noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Belonging to an organisation or category: thuộc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thuoc-belongs/): belonging to, under — `[unit] + thuộc + [organisation] · [item] + thuộc + [category]` (B2, formal)
- [Carrying out: tiến hành / thực hiện + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tien-hanh/): carry out — `tiến hành / thực hiện + [verb or noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Causing in the news: khiến, gây, dẫn đến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khien-cause/): make, cause, lead to — `[cause] + khiến (cho) + [person or thing] + [verb or adjective] · [cause] + gây (ra) + [harm noun] · [cause] + dẫn đến / dẫn tới + [result]` (B2, formal)
- [Certain or definitely: nhất định after a noun or before a verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-dinh-certain/): certain, given (after a noun); definitely (before a verb) — `(một) + [noun] + nhất định · ở một mức độ nhất định · [person] + nhất định + (sẽ / phải) + [verb] (definitely)` (B2, formal)
- [Consisting of, including: bao gồm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-gom/): including / consisting of — `[whole] + bao gồm + [parts]` (B2, formal)
- [Contributing to: góp phần + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gop-phan-contribute/): contribute to, help to — `[cause or action] + góp phần + [verb phrase] · góp phần vào + [noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Expected to (news): dự kiến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/du-kien/): is expected to — `[event] + dự kiến (sẽ) + [verb] · dự kiến + [time]` (B2, formal, At work)
- [Forced to: buộc phải](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/buoc-phai/): be forced to — `[subject] + buộc phải + [verb]` (B2, formal)
- [Have been and still are: đã và đang](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-va-dang/): has been (and continues) — `[subject] + đã và đang + [verb]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Having a … character: mang tính](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mang-tinh/): of a … nature — `[subject] + mang tính + [quality noun]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Holding a view: cho rằng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-rang/): hold that, believe — `[person] + cho rằng + [sentence] · Nhiều ý kiến cho rằng …` (B2, formal)
- [In general … in particular: X nói chung, Y nói riêng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noi-chung-noi-rieng/): X in general and Y in particular — `[A] nói chung và [B] nói riêng · [A] nói chung, [B] nói riêng` (B2, formal, written)
- [In terms of, from the angle of: xét về, về mặt, từ góc độ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xet-ve/): in terms of — `Xét về / Về mặt + [aspect noun], … · [adjective] + về mặt + [aspect noun] · Từ / Ở góc độ + [viewpoint], …` (B2, formal)
- [In the event that, except where: trong trường hợp, trừ trường hợp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-truong-hop/): in case / except where — `Trong trường hợp + [condition], [rule] · [rule], trừ trường hợp + [condition]` (B2, formal)
- [It is necessary to (no subject): cần + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/can-impersonal/): X needs to be done — `Cần + [verb] + [object] (no subject) · Cần lưu ý / Cần nhấn mạnh (rằng) + [point]` (B2, formal, written)
- [It is reported that: được biết](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-biet/): it is understood that — `Được biết, [statement]` (B2, formal, written)
- [It seems (written): dường như](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duong-nhu/): it seems — `Dường như + [sentence] · [subject] + dường như + [verb]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Likely to, able to: có khả năng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-kha-nang/): likely to / able to — `[subject] + có khả năng + [verb]` (B2, formal)
- [Making it possible: tạo điều kiện (cho) + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tao-dieu-kien-enable/): create the conditions for, enable — `[subject] + tạo điều kiện (cho) + [person or thing] + [verb] · tạo điều kiện thuận lợi (cho) + …` (B2, formal, At work)
- [Meanwhile, whereas: trong khi đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-khi-do/): meanwhile / whereas — `[statement]. Trong khi đó, [contrasting statement]` (B2, formal)
- [Most of, the majority: phần lớn, đa số](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phan-lon/): the majority — `phần lớn / đa số + [group] + [verb]` (B2, formal)
- [Of which, among them: …, trong đó …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-do/): of which — `[total], trong đó + (có) + [part]` (B2, formal)
- [On the part of: về phía](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ve-phia/): on the part of / for (party) — `Về phía + [party], …` (B2, formal, written)
- [Pursuant to, on the basis of: căn cứ (vào)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/can-cu/): pursuant to / on the basis of — `Căn cứ (vào) + [law, decree]; …` (B2, formal, written)
- [Regarded as: được xem là / được coi là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-xem-la/): is regarded as — `[subject] + được xem là / được coi là + [noun]` (B2, formal)
- [Regarding a matter: về việc (V/v in official letters)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ve-viec/): regarding / about (a matter) — `[document] + về việc + [matter] · V/v + [matter] · về việc + [verb phrase]` (B2, formal, written, At work)
- [Reporting what someone said: cho biết, khẳng định, nhấn mạnh](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-biet-reporting/): said / stated — `[person] + cho biết / khẳng định / nhấn mạnh (rằng) + [statement]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Respectively, in turn: lần lượt (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lan-luot/): respectively — `[A] và [B] + lần lượt là + [x] và [y]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Responsible for: có trách nhiệm + verb, chịu trách nhiệm về](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-trach-nhiem/): have the duty to / answer for — `[body] + có trách nhiệm + [verb] · [person or body] + chịu trách nhiệm + về + [matter] · chịu trách nhiệm + trước + [authority]` (B2, formal)
- [Said to be, believed to: được cho là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-cho-la/): is believed / said to — `[subject] + được cho là + [verb or noun]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Setting the frame: trong bối cảnh, trong quá trình, trong khuôn khổ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-boi-canh-context/): in the context of / in the course of / within the framework of — `Trong bối cảnh + [situation], [main sentence] · [event] + trong quá trình + [verb or noun] · Trong khuôn khổ + [visit, programme or agreement], …` (B2, formal, written)
- [Showing that (results, data): cho thấy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-thay/): shows that — `[result / data / study] + cho thấy + [finding]` (B2, formal)
- [Since, or from (a date) on: kể từ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ke-tu/): since / as of — `kể từ + [date or event] · có hiệu lực kể từ ngày + [date]` (B2, formal)
- [Stating a share or a total: chiếm + percent, (ước) đạt + figure](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chiem-account/): account for / reach (a figure) — `[part] + chiếm + [percent] (+ [whole]) · [thing] + (ước) đạt + [number or percent]` (B2, formal)
- [Summing up: tóm lại, nhìn chung, như vậy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tom-lai/): in short / overall / thus — `Tóm lại / Nhìn chung / Như vậy, [summary]` (B2, formal)
- [Tending to: có xu hướng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-xu-huong/): tend to — `[subject] + có xu hướng + [verb or adjective]` (B2, formal)
- [That is, in other words: tức là, nghĩa là, nói cách khác](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noi-cach-khac/): that is / in other words — `[term or statement] + tức là / nghĩa là + [explanation] · (Hay) nói cách khác, [restatement]` (B2, formal)
- [The following, below: sau đây, dưới đây](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sau-day/): the following — `[noun] + sau đây / dưới đây · như sau:` (B2, formal)
- [The past and coming period in the news: vừa qua, tới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-qua-toi/): recent / upcoming — `[period] + vừa qua · trong thời gian tới · [period] + tới` (B2, formal)
- [Through, by way of: thông qua](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thong-qua/): through / via — `thông qua + [means or channel]` (B2, formal)
- [To some extent: phần nào, ở một mức độ nào đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phan-nao/): to some extent — `… phần nào + [verb] · ở một mức độ nào đó, …` (B2, formal)
- [Under or with someone: dưới sự … của, với sự … của](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/su-cua-news/): under the leadership of / with the support of — `dưới sự + [lãnh đạo / chỉ đạo / điều hành] + của + [person] · với sự + [hỗ trợ / tham gia] + của + [person or group]` (B2, formal, written)
- [Up or down on the same period: tăng / giảm … so với cùng kỳ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/so-voi-cung-ky/): year on year — `[figure] + tăng / giảm + [amount] + so với cùng kỳ (năm trước)` (B2, formal, written)
- [Worth noting, considerable: đáng + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dang-chu-y/): worth …ing / notable — `đáng + chú ý / kể / lo ngại · [noun] + đáng + [verb]` (B2, formal)
- ['Work on' in government texts: công tác + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cong-tac/): (the work of) … — `công tác + [area noun] (công tác phòng chống …)` (C1, formal, written)
- [As stated above: như đã nêu, như đã trình bày](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhu-da-neu/): as mentioned above — `Như đã nêu / Như đã trình bày (ở trên), …` (C1, academic, written)
- [Citing a source: theo X (năm), dẫn theo](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dan-theo-citation/): according to (citation) — `Theo + [author] (+ [year]), … · (dẫn theo + [source])` (C1, academic, written)
- [It can be seen that: có thể thấy (rằng)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-the-thay/): it can be seen that — `Có thể thấy (rằng) + [finding]` (C1, academic, written)
- [On the other hand: mặt khác, một mặt … mặt khác](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mat-khac/): on the other hand / besides — `[statement]. Mặt khác, [statement] · Một mặt, …; mặt khác, …` (C1, academic, written)
- [Referring to yourself and your paper: chúng tôi, tác giả, bài viết này](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/authorial-chung-toi/): authorial we / this paper — `Chúng tôi + nhận thấy / cho rằng / khảo sát / đề xuất + … · Tác giả + [verb] · Bài viết này / Nghiên cứu này + nhằm / tập trung + [verb]` (C1, academic, written)

## More patterns (1)

- [So what? … thì đã sao](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thi-sao-so-what/): so what? — `[fact] + thì đã sao (nào)?` (B2, spoken)

---

Add to Vietnamese Buddy: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/
In the app, the grammar points from your own class material are kept with their status, and any word you meet while reading can go into your lexicon with its audio, ready to study.