# A1 Vietnamese grammar (beginner)

> All 153 A1 (beginner) Vietnamese grammar patterns in the directory, each explained in plain English with every example spoken aloud. Free, no account needed.

Source: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a1/ · Updated 2026-11-10

The 153 patterns we place at A1, beginner level, by topic — each explained in plain English, every example spoken aloud. Free, no account needed.

Levels are our own estimates: there is no official list of Vietnamese grammar by level yet.

Levels: A1 (beginner, this page) · [A2 (elementary)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a2/) · [B1 (intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b1/) · [B2 (upper intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b2/) · [C1 (advanced)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/c1/)

With filters and search: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/?level=A1

## Asking questions (34)

- [And you? Còn …?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-and-you/): and you? / what about …? — `Còn + [person or thing] (thì sao)?`
- [Answering yes/no questions: có, không, or the verb again](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/yes-no-answers/): short yes/no answers — `Có. / Không. · [verb]. · Không, [person] + không + [verb]`
- [Asking about là-sentences: có phải (là) … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-phai-khong/): is it (a) …? — `[subject] + có phải (là) + [noun] + không? · Có phải + [statement] + không?`
- [Asking age: bao nhiêu tuổi, mấy tuổi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tuoi-age/): how old? — `[person] + (năm nay) + bao nhiêu tuổi (rồi)? · [child] + mấy tuổi (rồi)? · [person] + sinh năm + mấy / bao nhiêu?`
- [Asking how well: verb + có + adjective + không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-khong-manner/): is it done well? — `([person or thing]) + [verb] (+ [object]) + có + [adjective] + không?`
- [Asking the price: bao nhiêu tiền](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-nhieu-tien-price/): how much is it? — `[thing] + bao nhiêu tiền? · [thing] + bao nhiêu một + [unit]?` (Shops and services)
- [At what time? mấy giờ, first or last](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-gio-what-time/): what time …? — `Mấy giờ + [person] + [verb]? · [person] + [verb] + (lúc) mấy giờ?`
- [Checking a statement: …, phải không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-khong-tag/): …, right? — `[statement], phải không? → Phải. / Không (phải).`
- [Double-checking what you just heard: hả / à](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-ha-check/): …, huh? / so …? — `[statement] + hả? / à?` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Expecting yes: … chứ?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-question/): surely …, aren't you? — `[statement] + chứ?` (spoken)
- [For how long so far: … (bao lâu) rồi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duration-roi/): have been … for — `[person] + [verb] + bao lâu rồi? → [verb] + [duration] + rồi`
- [How far: A cách B …, bao xa?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cach-distance/): distance between places — `[A] + cách + [B] + [distance] · [A] + cách + [B] + bao xa?`
- [How long? bao lâu after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-lau-how-long/): how long (duration)? — `[person] + [verb] + (trong) + bao lâu?`
- [How many (a small number): mấy before the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-how-many/): how many (few)? — `mấy + (classifier) + [noun]?`
- [How many, how much: bao nhiêu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-nhieu-how-many/): how many / how much? — `[verb] + bao nhiêu + (classifier) + [noun]? · [thing] + bao nhiêu (tiền)?` (Shops and services)
- [How? What is it like? sao / thế nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-nao-how/): how / what like? — `[noun] + (như) thế nào? · [person] + [verb] + sao?`
- [Is that OK? …, được không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-khong-request/): is it OK / possible? — `[request or plan], được không? → Được. / Không được.` (At work, Shops and services)
- [It takes (time): mất](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mat-time-takes/): it takes … — `[trip or task] + mất + [time] · [person] + mất + [time] + (để) + [verb] · … mất bao lâu?`
- [Nobody, nothing, nowhere: không … ai / gì / đâu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-khong-nobody/): nobody / nothing — `[person] + không + [verb] + ai / gì / đâu + (hết / cả) · Không ai + [verb] · Không có gì + để + [verb]`
- [Or in questions: A hay B?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-or-question/): A or B? — `[A] + hay (là) + [B]?` (Shops and services)
- [Polite yes dạ / vâng, casual yes ừ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-vang-yes/): yes (polite or casual) — `Dạ, [reply] · Dạ. / Vâng. · Ừ, [reply] (to friends and younger people)` (polite, spoken, At work, Shops and services)
- [Question words stay where the answer goes: Anh đi đâu?, Ai đi?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/question-word-in-place/): no moving the question word — `[statement with the question word in the answer's slot]? · but (Tại) sao / Khi nào + [statement]?`
- [Saying and asking a name: tên (là) …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ten-la-name/): my name is / what's your name? — `[person] + tên (là) + [name] · [person] + tên (là) gì? · Tên + [person] + là + [name]`
- [What kind of? noun + gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/n-gi-what-kind/): what kind of …? — `[noun] + gì?`
- [What? gì after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/gi-what/): what? — `[person] + [verb] + gì? · [thing] + là gì? · Cái gì / Chuyện gì + [verb]? · Có chuyện gì?`
- [When? bao giờ / khi nào: first for the future, last for the past](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bao-gio-when/): when? — `Bao giờ / Khi nào + [person] + [verb]? (future) · [person] + [verb] + bao giờ / khi nào? (usually past)`
- [Where to? đi đâu, no ở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-dau-where-to/): where to? — `[person] + đi + đâu? · [thing] + đâu rồi? (where has it got to)`
- [Where? ở đâu at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-dau-where/): where (location)? — `[person or thing] + ([verb]) + ở đâu? · Ở đâu có + [noun]?`
- [Which number: mấy after the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/may-which-number/): which number (date, day, floor)? — `[noun] + mấy? · [noun] + (là) + bao nhiêu? (a phone number; a year takes either)`
- [Which? nào after the noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nao-which/): which …? — `(classifier) + [noun] + nào?` (Shops and services)
- [Who? ai as subject or object](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ai-who/): who? — `Ai + [verb]? · [person] + [verb] + ai? · [person] + là + ai? · Ai là + [person]?`
- [Whose? noun + của ai](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-ai-whose/): whose …? — `[thing] + (là) + của ai? · Đây/Đó là + [thing] + của ai?`
- [Why? tại sao / vì sao / sao first](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tai-sao-why/): why? — `Tại sao / Vì sao / Sao + [person] + [verb]?`
- [Yes/no questions with có … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-khong-question/): yes/no question — `[person] + có + [verb or adjective] + không?`

## Time and when things happen (29)

- [About to happen: sắp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sap-about-to/): about to — `[person / thing] + sắp + [verb] (+ rồi) · Sắp + [event] + rồi · … sắp + [verb] + chưa?`
- [Already: … rồi, and Rồi as the yes to 'yet?'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/roi-already/): already — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + rồi · Rồi.`
- [At a time: lúc / vào lúc, vào + day](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vao-luc-at-time/): at / on (time) — `lúc / vào lúc + [clock time] · vào + [day or date] · [verb] + lúc + [clock time] (end of sentence)`
- [Clock time, then part of the day: 7 giờ tối](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clock-then-part-of-day/): am / pm — `[number] + giờ + sáng / trưa / chiều / tối`
- [Dates: ngày, tháng, năm in that order; mùng for the 1st to the 10th](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dates-order/): date order — `(thứ + [day]), ngày + (mùng) + [D] + tháng + [M] + năm + [Y]`
- [Every day, every week: hàng / hằng + time](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hang-every/): every (day/week) — `hàng / hằng + ngày / tuần / tháng / năm`
- [Finished doing: verb + xong](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xong-finished/): finish doing — `[verb] + xong (+ [object]) · [verb] + [object] + xong · … xong chưa?`
- [From … to: từ … đến](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-den-from-to/): from … to — `từ + [A] + đến / tới + [B]`
- [Have you … yet? (đã) … chưa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-chua-question/): have you … yet? — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + chưa? → Rồi. / Chưa.`
- [Hours of duration: tiếng (giờ is o'clock)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tieng-hours/): hours (length) — `[number] + tiếng · [number] + giờ (clock, or formal duration)`
- [How long goes after the verb: học hai năm, no 'for'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duration-after-verb/): duration after the verb — `[person] + [verb] + [duration] (no preposition)`
- [How often: thường, luôn, thỉnh thoảng before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/frequency-position/): frequency words — `[person] + luôn (luôn) / thường / ít khi + [verb] · (Thỉnh thoảng / Đôi khi / Nhiều khi) + [person] + (thỉnh thoảng / đôi khi / nhiều khi) + [verb]`
- [In (a time from now): … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nua-from-now/): in X time — `[number] + [unit] + nữa + [person] + (sẽ) + [verb] · mấy / bao lâu … nữa?`
- [Just happened: vừa / mới / vừa mới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-moi-just/): has just — `[person] + vừa / mới / vừa mới + [verb] (+ rồi)`
- [Months by number: tháng tư, tháng giêng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thang-months/): month names — `tháng + [number]`
- [này or nay in time words: tuần này, năm nay](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nay-vs-nay/): this (time) — `tuần / tháng + này · hôm / năm / sáng + nay`
- [No đã or sẽ needed when a time word says when](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-word-no-marker/): time from time words — `[time word] + [person] + [verb]`
- [Not yet: chưa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chua-not-yet/): not yet — `[person] + chưa + [verb] · [person] + [verb] + chưa? → Rồi. / Chưa.`
- [Often: hay before the verb, and có hay … không?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-often/): often — `[person] + hay + [verb] · [person] + có hay + [verb] + không? · không hay + [verb]`
- [Saying it already happened: đã](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-past/): did / has done — `[person] + đã + [verb or adjective]`
- [Saying it is happening now: đang](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dang-ongoing/): is doing — `[person] + đang + [verb or adjective]`
- [Saying it will happen: sẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/se-future/): will — `[person] + sẽ + [verb or adjective]`
- [Small time unit first: chiều mai, chủ nhật tuần sau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-units-order/): combining time words — `[part of day / day] + [bigger unit] · sáng / chiều / tối + nay / qua / mai`
- [Still: vẫn / còn / vẫn còn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/van-con-still/): still — `[person] + vẫn / còn / vẫn còn + [verb or adjective]`
- [Telling the time: giờ, rưỡi, kém](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/telling-time/): clock time — `[number] + giờ (+ [number] + phút) · giờ rưỡi · [hour] + kém + [minutes] · Mấy giờ rồi?`
- [This, last, next: tuần này, tuần trước, tuần sau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/this-last-next/): this / last / next period — `[period] + này / trước / sau · năm nay / năm ngoái / năm sau · hôm qua / hôm nay / ngày mai`
- [Time words go first: Hôm nay tôi đi làm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/time-before-verb/): time at the start — `[time] + [person] + [verb] · [person] + [verb] + (lúc / vào) + [time]`
- [Weekdays: thứ hai … chủ nhật](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thu-weekdays/): days of the week — `thứ + [number] · chủ nhật · Hôm nay (là) thứ mấy?`
- [Where không goes with đã, đang, sẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/negation-tense-order/): negation with time words — `([time word]) + [person] + (cũng) + (đã / sẽ) + không + [verb]`

## Saying no and not (6)

- [Is not (a noun): không phải là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-phai-la/): is not — `[person] + không phải (là) + [noun]`
- [Neither … nor: không … cũng không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/neither-nor/): neither … nor — `[person] + không + [A] + (mà) cũng không + [B] · cả [A] và [B] đều không + [verb]`
- [Not … either: cũng không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-khong-either/): not … either — `[person] + cũng + không / chưa + [verb]`
- [Not at all, really: không … đâu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-dau-not-at-all/): not at all — `[person] + không + [verb or adjective] + đâu` (spoken)
- [Not very: không … lắm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-lam-not-very/): not very — `[person] + không + [adjective or feeling verb] (+ [object]) + lắm`
- [Not: không before the verb or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-not/): not — `[person] + không + [verb or adjective]`

## Can, must, should, want (7)

- [Can I have / let me: Cho tôi / cho em + noun or verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-toi-let-me/): give me / let me — `Cho + [me] + [number] + [thing] · Cho + [me] + [verb] · Cho + [me] + tính tiền` (Shops and services)
- [Can, manage to: được after the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-can-after-verb/): be able to — `[verb] + được (+ [object]) · [verb] + [object] + được · không + [verb] + được`
- [Can, may: có thể + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-the-can/): can / may — `[person or thing] + có thể + [verb] (+ được) · Có thể + [sentence] (maybe)`
- [Don't: đừng + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dung-dont/): don't — `(person) + đừng + [verb] · Đừng có (mà) + [verb]! · Đừng + [verb] + nữa`
- [Go on, do it / let's: verb + đi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-urge/): do it! / let's — `([person]) + [verb] (+ [object]) + đi (+ [person])! · Mình / Chúng ta + [verb] + đi!` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Polite asking: xin + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/xin-please/): please / may I — `xin + [verb] · Cho + [person] + xin + [noun] · [person] + xin phép + [verb]` (polite, At work, Shops and services)
- [Want to: muốn + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muon-want/): want to — `[person] + muốn + [verb] · muốn + [person] + [verb]`

## Linking ideas (8)

- [And (listing): và](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/va-and/): and — `[A], [B] và [C] · [verb] và [verb]`
- [And / whereas, switching to someone else: còn (… thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/con-whereas/): whereas / as for — `[sentence], còn + [person / time / thing] (+ thì) + [sentence]`
- [Because …, so …: vì … nên](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-nen-so/): because …, so — `(Vì) + [reason] + (cho) nên + [result]`
- [Because: vì / tại vì / bởi vì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vi-because/): because (of) — `[result] + vì / tại vì / bởi vì + [reason] · Vì + [reason] (+ nên) + [result] · Tại vì + [reason]. (answering Sao …?) · vì + [noun]`
- [But: nhưng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-but/): but — `[A] (,) nhưng + [B] · Nhưng (mà) + [sentence]`
- [If … then: nếu … (thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/neu-thi-if/): if — `Nếu + [condition] (thì) + [result] · [result] + nếu + [condition] · [condition] + thì + [result]`
- [In order to: để](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-purpose/): in order to / so that — `[verb 1] + để + [verb 2] · [sentence] + để + [person] + [verb] · [đi / ra / về] + [place] + [verb] (no để) · Để + [verb], …`
- [With (a person), and in speech: với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/voi-with/): with / and — `[verb] + với + [person] · [verb] + với ai? · [A] + với + [B]`

## Words at the start and end of a sentence (8)

- […, OK? (soft suggestion): nha / nhé](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhe-nha/): …, OK? — `[suggestion or promise] + nha / nhé` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Calling someone: name + ơi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/oi-calling/): hey (calling) — `[name or address word] + ơi!` (spoken, Shops and services)
- [Greeting with chào + the person](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chao-greeting/): hello / goodbye — `(Dạ,) ([your word] +) chào + [address word] (+ [name]) · ([your word] +) cảm ơn / xin lỗi + [address word]`
- [Of course! … chứ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chu-of-course/): of course — `Có chứ! · [verb] + chứ!` (spoken)
- [Polite ending to elders: … ạ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-polite/): (respectful ending) — `[sentence] + ạ · Dạ, … ạ` (polite, spoken, At work, Shops and services)
- [Respectful address: thưa + title](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thua-respectful/): (respectful address) — `Thưa + [title or address word], … · Kính thưa + [audience]` (polite)
- [Softening a question: … vậy / thế?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-question-softener/): (softens a question, asks for an explanation) — `[question] + vậy? / thế? / đấy?` (spoken)
- [You know, mind you: … đó / đấy at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-day-statement/): (announcing, warning) — `[statement] + đó! / đấy!` (spoken)

## Things, counting and numbers (25)

- [A lot, a little: verb + nhiều / ít](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhieu-it-after-verb/): a lot / little (how much you do) — `[verb] + nhiều / ít (+ hơn) · ít + [verb] (= not often, not much)`
- [All alike, both: đều before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/deu-all/): all / both — `[plural subject] + đều + [verb or adjective] · [object], [person] + đều + [verb]`
- [All of them (plural): các](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cac-plural/): plural, the whole set — `các + [noun]`
- [Big numbers: trăm, ngàn / nghìn, triệu, tỷ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/big-numbers/): hundreds to billions — `[n] + trăm · [n] + ngàn / nghìn · [n] + triệu · [n] + tỷ` (Shops and services)
- [Brother, sister, son, daughter: trai / gái after the family word](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trai-gai/): male / female (kin) — `em / anh / con / bạn + trai · em / chị / con / bạn + gái`
- [Classifier alone when the noun is clear: cái này, con kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-alone/): this one, that one — `[classifier] + này / đó / kia / nào · [number] + [classifier]` (Shops and services)
- [Classifier for one particular thing, bare noun for things in general: con chó này, chó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-specific-general/): one particular thing vs things in general — `[classifier] + [noun] (that one) · [noun] (in general)`
- [Counting by container: một chai nước, một tô phở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/measure-container/): a bottle of, a bowl of — `[number] + [container or measure] + [noun]` (Shops and services)
- [Counting things: number + classifier + noun (hai con chó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/num-clf-noun/): counting with a classifier — `[number] + [classifier] + [noun]`
- [Couples and pairs of people: hai vợ chồng, hai anh em](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hai-vo-chong/): X and his wife / my brother and I — `hai + vợ chồng / anh em / mẹ con + (name or pronoun)`
- [Describing words come after the noun: nhà lớn, not lớn nhà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-after-noun/): adjective after noun — `[noun] + [adjective] · [noun] + [noun modifier]`
- [Empty places in numbers: lẻ / linh, không trăm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/linh-le-zero/): 'zero' tens and hundreds — `[x] trăm lẻ / linh [y] · [x] ngàn / nghìn không trăm [y]`
- [First, second: thứ + number (thứ nhất, thứ tư)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ordinals/): ordinal numbers — `thứ + [number] · thứ nhất · thứ tư`
- [Languages: tiếng + country](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tieng-language/): language name — `(nói) + tiếng + [country]`
- [Many, few: nhiều / ít + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhieu-it/): many / few — `nhiều / ít + [noun]`
- [Names: family name first, address by the given name (Nguyễn Văn An is anh An)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/name-order/): Vietnamese name order — `[family] + [middle] + [given] · [address word] + [given name]`
- [Nationality: người + country](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nguoi-country-nationality/): nationality — `[person] + là + người + [country] · … người nước nào?`
- [Numbers 11–99: mười becomes mươi, năm becomes lăm, một becomes mốt](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muoi-tens/): counting from 11 to 99 — `mười + [unit] (11–19) · [unit] + mươi (+ [unit]) (20–99) · mười lăm · [x] mươi lăm · [x] mươi mốt · [x] mươi bốn / tư`
- [Some of them (plural): những](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhung-plural/): plural, a subset — `những + (classifier) + [noun] (+ restricting words)`
- [The full noun phrase: number + classifier + noun + adjective + này (hai cái áo đẹp này)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/np-full-order/): noun phrase order — `[number] or những / các + [classifier] + [noun] + [adjective] + này / đó / kia`
- [The owner comes after the noun: nhà của tôi, mẹ tôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/owner-after-noun/): possession — `[noun] + (của) + [owner]`
- [This is, that is: Đây là, Đó là, Kia là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/day-la-this-is/): this / that is — `Đây / Đó / Kia + là + [noun]`
- [This, that after the noun: … này, … đó, … kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/noun-nay-this/): this / that (noun) — `(classifier) + [noun] + này / đó / kia`
- [Which classifier: cái for things, con for animals, người for people, and the common others](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-cai-chiec/): picking the classifier — `cái / chiếc + [thing] · con + [animal; also roads, rivers, knives] · người / vị + [person] · cuốn / quyển + [book] · trái / quả + [fruit] · tờ / tấm + [flat thing] · căn / ngôi / tòa + [building] · cây + [tree, stick] · bộ + [set, film] · bức + [letter, picture] · đôi / cặp + [pair] · viên + [pill] · món + [dish, gift] · thứ + [kind]`
- [Without, when ordering: dish + không + ingredient](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-without-ordering/): without (an ingredient) — `[dish or drink] + không + [ingredient] · [dish] + ít + [ingredient] (less)` (Shops and services)

## How much, and comparing (9)

- [A bit, slightly: hơi + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoi-a-bit/): a bit — `hơi + [adjective]`
- [As … as: bằng / như](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-nhu-as-as/): as … as — `[A] + [adjective] + bằng / như + [B] · [A] + cũng + [adjective] + như + [B]`
- [How you do it: adjective after the verb (nói giỏi, chạy nhanh)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/manner-adj-after-verb/): how: well, fast, slowly — `[verb] (+ [object]) + [adjective]`
- [More … than: adjective + hơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hon-more-than/): …er than — `[A] + [adjective] + hơn + [B] · [verb] + [adjective] + hơn · [A] + hơn + [B] + [amount]`
- [Quite, fairly: khá + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/kha-quite/): quite — `khá + [adjective]`
- [So …! and too …: quá after or before](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qua-so/): so … ! / too … — `[adjective] + quá! · quá + [adjective] (too)`
- [The most: adjective + nhất](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-most/): the …est — `[adjective] + nhất (+ trong + [group]) · [feeling verb] + [object] + nhất · [feeling verb] + nhất là + [object]`
- [Very (spoken): lắm after the adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-very/): very, really — `[adjective or feeling verb] + lắm`
- [Very: rất before the adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/rat-very/): very — `rất + [adjective or feeling verb]`

## Là, có, and how verbs work together (15)

- [Adjectives need no là: Chị ấy đẹp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-no-la/): no 'to be' before adjectives — `[person or thing] + (rất) + [adjective] · [person] + sắp / sẽ + [adjective] · [person] + đang + [passing state] · [adjective] + rồi`
- [Again: verb + lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lai-again/): again, re- — `[verb] (+ [object]) + lại · [verb] + lại + [object] · [verb] + đi + [verb] + lại (again and again)`
- [Also, too: cũng before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-also/): also — `[person] + cũng + [verb or adjective] · [person] + cũng là + [noun]`
- [By oneself: tự … (lấy), một mình](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-lay-by-oneself/): by oneself — `[person] + tự + [verb] (+ lấy) · [verb] + lấy · [person] + [verb] + một mình`
- [Have: có](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-have/): have — `[person] + có + [noun] · không có / chưa có + [noun]`
- [Is (a noun): là links two nouns](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-noun/): to be (+ noun) — `[person or thing] + là + [noun]`
- [Jobs: là / làm + job, làm gì?](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-lam-job/): be / work as — `[person] + là / làm + [job] · [person] + làm (nghề) gì? · [person] + làm (việc) ở + [place]`
- [Me too, so do I: cũng vậy / cũng thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-vay-me-too/): me too — `[person] + cũng vậy / cũng thế`
- [No preposition where English has one: chờ ai, nghe nhạc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/direct-object-no-prep/): direct object — `[verb] + [object] (no preposition)`
- [Only: chỉ … thôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chi-thoi-only/): only — `[person] + chỉ + [verb] (+ [object]) + thôi` (Shops and services)
- [Subject, verb, object: Tôi ăn cơm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/svo-order/): basic word order — `[subject] + [verb] + [object]`
- [Talking to, meeting someone: nói với, giới thiệu … với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-voi/): verbs that take với — `nói / nói chuyện / hứa / làm quen + với + [person] · giới thiệu + [A] + với + [B]`
- [There is, there are: (place) + có + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-there-is/): there is / are — `Có + [noun] + … · [place] + có + [noun] · [time] + (ở + [place]) + có + [noun]` (Shops and services)
- [Together: cùng (với)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-together/): together, with — `[plural subject] + cùng + [verb] · [verb] + cùng (với) + [person] · [verb] + cùng (along)`
- [Verb + verb with no 'to': thích học, đi ăn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-verb/): verb chains — `[verb 1] + [verb 2] (+ [verb 3])`

## Places and movement (5)

- [At, in, live: ở](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-at/): be at / in — `[person] + ở + [place] · [verb] + ở + [place]`
- [By, with, in: bằng (transport, tool, language)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-by-means/): by / with / in — `đi + bằng + [vehicle] · [verb] + bằng + [tool] · viết / nói + bằng + tiếng + [language] · … bằng gì?`
- [đi + place, no 'to': đi Hà Nội, đi chợ, đi làm](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-place-no-prep/): go to (no preposition) — `đi + [city, country, or set place] · đi + làm / học`
- [Here, there: ở đây, ở đó, đằng kia](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/o-day-here/): here / there — `(ở) đây · (ở) đó · (ở) đằng kia`
- [Position words: trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, trước, sau, cạnh](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/location-words/): on / under / in / out / in front / behind / next to — `(ở) + trên / dưới / trong / ngoài / trước / sau / (bên) cạnh / giữa + [noun]`

## Talking to and about people (7)

- [He, she the Southern way: ảnh, chỉ, ổng, bả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/anh-chi-folded/): he / she (spoken Southern) — `anh ấy → ảnh · chị ấy → chỉ · ông ấy → ổng · bà ấy → bả · em ấy → ẻm · cô ấy → cổ` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [He, she, it: anh ấy, chị ấy, and nó for children and things](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/anh-ay-he/): he / she / it — `[kinship word] + ấy · nó (a child, an animal, a thing) · chúng nó`
- [mình: friendly I, we with you, and oneself](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/minh-i-we/): I (friendly) / we / oneself — `mình (I, to friends and partners) · tụi mình / chúng mình (we, with the listener) · [person] + [verb] (+ cho) + mình (oneself)` (Messages and social media)
- [The neutral I and you: tôi, bạn, and when they sound cold](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/toi-i/): I / you (neutral) — `tôi · bạn · các bạn`
- [We without you, we with you: chúng tôi, chúng ta](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chung-toi-ta/): we (exclusive / inclusive) — `chúng tôi (not the listener) · chúng ta (with the listener) · chúng em (to a teacher)`
- [You all, they: các anh, các chị ấy, họ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cac-plural-you/): plural you / they — `các + [kinship word] (you all) · các + [kinship word] + ấy (they) · họ (they, distant)`
- [You and I are family words: anh, chị, em, cô, chú, ba / mẹ and con, thầy / cô and em](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/address-kinship/): address by age and relationship — `[kinship word] = you / I · em ↔ anh / chị · con ↔ cô / chú · con ↔ ba / má or ba / mẹ (S), bố / mẹ (N) · em ↔ thầy / cô · bác sĩ = you`

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