# A2 Vietnamese grammar (elementary)

> All 150 A2 (elementary) Vietnamese grammar patterns in the directory, each explained in plain English with every example spoken aloud. Free, no account needed.

Source: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a2/ · Updated 2026-11-08

The 150 patterns we place at A2, elementary level, by topic — each explained in plain English, every example spoken aloud. Free, no account needed.

Levels are our own estimates: there is no official list of Vietnamese grammar by level yet.

Levels: [A1 (beginner)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a1/) · A2 (elementary, this page) · [B1 (intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b1/) · [B2 (upper intermediate)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/b2/) · [C1 (advanced)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/c1/)

With filters and search: https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/?level=A2

## Asking questions (7)

- [Anyone? Anything? có … ai / gì … không](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-any-question/): anyone / anything? — `[person] + có + [verb] + ai / gì / (noun) nào + không?`
- [Everyone, everything, always: ai cũng, gì cũng, lúc nào cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-cung-every/): every- / any- — `Ai / [noun] nào + cũng + [verb] · [object] gì / nào + [person] + cũng + [verb] · Ở đâu / Bao giờ / Lúc nào + [person] + cũng + [verb]`
- [Oh really? vậy hả / thế à](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-a-really/): oh really? — `Vậy hả? / Thế à?` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Someone, something, somewhere: ai đó, gì đó, đâu đó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/qword-do-some/): some- (indefinite) — `ai đó · cái gì đó · ở đâu đó · khi nào đó`
- [What for? (để) làm gì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-lam-gi-what-for/): what for? — `[person] + [verb] + (để) làm gì?`
- [Whether: có … không inside a sentence, never nếu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/whether-co-khong/): whether — `[person] + hỏi / biết + [person] + có + [verb] + không · … đã + [verb] + chưa · … [A] hay (là) [B]`
- [Why on earth? sao … lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/sao-lai-why-on-earth/): how come …? — `Sao + [person] + lại + [verb]?`

## Time and when things happen (14)

- [Ago: cách đây](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cach-day-ago/): … ago — `cách đây + [period] · [period] + trước`
- [All of it, all gone: verb + hết](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/het-all/): (do) all of / used up — `[verb] + hết + [object] · [plural subject] + [verb] + hết (rồi)`
- [Back when: hồi + time (hồi nhỏ, hồi đó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoi-back-when/): back when, at the time of — `Hồi + [age, time or sentence], … · hồi đó / hồi trước / hồi xưa`
- [Before and after doing: trước khi / sau khi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/truoc-khi-sau-khi/): before / after (+ action) — `trước khi / sau khi + [verb or sentence], … · trước / sau + [noun]`
- [Ever and never so far: … bao giờ chưa, chưa … bao giờ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chua-bao-gio-ever/): have you ever? / never yet — `[person] + (đã) + [verb] + bao giờ / lần nào + chưa? · [person] + chưa + [verb] + bao giờ · chưa bao giờ + [verb]`
- [How many times, how often: lần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lan-times/): times / how often — `[verb] + mấy lần? · Một tuần + [verb] + mấy lần? · Bao lâu + [verb] + một lần? · [number] + lần + một + [unit]`
- [Not any more: không … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-nua-anymore/): no longer — `[person] + không + [verb] + nữa · Đừng + [verb] + nữa`
- [Not until, only then: time + mới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-not-until/): only then — `[time] + [person] + mới + [verb]`
- [Right away, while you're at it: verb + luôn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/luon-right-away/): right away; as well; totally — `[verb] (+ [object]) + luôn · [verb] + luôn + đi · [adjective] + luôn (totally, speech)` (spoken)
- [Right here, right away: ngay, liền](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-right-away/): right / immediately — `ngay + [place or time] · [verb] + liền / ngay`
- [Run out of, no longer: hết + noun or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/het-run-out/): none left / no longer — `[person] + hết + [noun] (rồi) · hết + [adjective or verb] + rồi · sắp hết + [noun]` (Shops and services)
- [Since: từ … (tới giờ), từ khi, từ khi nào](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tu-since/): since — `từ + [time point] + (tới giờ / đến nay) · Từ khi + [sentence] · … từ khi nào / từ bao giờ? · từ + [duration] + nay (written)`
- [When: khi … (thì)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khi-when/): when (+ sentence) — `Khi + [sentence] (thì) + [sentence]`
- [While: trong khi, and khi … đang for an interrupted action](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/trong-khi-while/): while — `Trong khi + [sentence], … · [main] + khi + [person] + đang + [verb]`

## Saying no and not (3)

- [But I didn't! có … đâu, đâu có](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-dau-denial/): denying what was said — `[person] + có + [verb] (+ [object]) + đâu · [person] + đâu có + [verb] · có phải … đâu` (spoken)
- [No way, there's no such thing: Làm gì có …!](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-gi-co/): there's no …! — `Làm gì có + [noun]! · [person] + làm gì có + [noun]` (spoken)
- [Not clearly vs not exactly: nói không rõ / không nói rõ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/negation-manner/): where không goes with a manner word — `[person] + không + [verb] + [adjective] · [person] + [verb] + không + [adjective]`

## Can, must, should, want (21)

- [Be allowed to, get to: được + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-before-verb/): allowed to / get the chance to — `[person] + được + [verb]`
- [Cannot: không thể](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-the-cannot/): cannot — `[person] + không thể / chưa thể + [verb] (+ được)` (At work)
- [Do it for me: verb + giùm / hộ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/giup-ho-favour/): as a favour — `[verb] + giùm / giúp / hộ + (person)` (At work)
- [Go ahead, just keep on: cứ + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cu-go-ahead/): go ahead — `(person) + cứ + [verb] (+ đi / nha)`
- [It seems: hình như, có vẻ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-ve-seems/): seems — `Hình như + [sentence] (+ thì phải) · [subject] + có vẻ (như) + [adjective or verb]`
- [Let me: Để + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-let/): let (someone) do — `Để + [person] + [verb]` (At work)
- [Must not: không được + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-duoc-must-not/): must not, not allowed — `[person] + không được + [verb]`
- [Must, have to: phải + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/phai-must/): must — `[person] + phải + [verb] · không phải + [verb] (don't have to)`
- [Naming the person softens a command: anh / em (ơi) first, then the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/command-with-address/): commands with an address word — `[person] (ơi), + [verb] … · [verb] + [object]! (blunt)` (spoken, Shops and services)
- [Need (to): cần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/can-need/): need — `[person] + cần + [verb or noun] · không cần + [verb]`
- [No need to: khỏi + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khoi-no-need/): no need to, don't bother — `khỏi (cần / phải) + [verb] · [A] (rồi) + khỏi + [verb] · Khỏi! (reply)` (spoken)
- [Perhaps: có lẽ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-le-perhaps/): perhaps — `Có lẽ + [sentence] · [person] + có lẽ + [verb]`
- [Plan to: định + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dinh-plan/): intend to — `[person] + định + [verb]`
- [Please (inviting): Mời + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-invite/): please (do) — `Mời + [person] + [verb] · Xin mời + [person] + [verb]` (polite, Shops and services)
- [Please, do me a favour: làm ơn + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-on-please/): please — `(person) + làm ơn + [verb]` (polite)
- [Probably, must be: chắc (là)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chac-probably/): probably — `Chắc (là) + [sentence] · [person] + chắc + [verb]`
- [Prohibited (signs and rules): cấm, không + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cam-prohibit/): no …ing / forbidden — `Cấm + [verb] · Không + [verb] (signs) · cấm + [person] + không được + [verb]` (formal)
- [Requesting formally: đề nghị / yêu cầu + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/de-nghi-yeu-cau/): request, demand — `[person] + đề nghị / yêu cầu + [person] + [verb]` (formal, At work)
- [Should: nên + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nen-should/): should — `[person] + (không) nên + [verb] · khuyên + [person] + nên + [verb]`
- [Strong or formal command: hãy + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hay-imperative/): do …! (firm) — `(person) + hãy + [verb] (+ đi)`
- [That's enough, never mind: Thôi!](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thoi-enough/): stop / enough — `Thôi! · Thôi, [person] + [verb] …` (spoken)

## Linking ideas (18)

- [(I'll do it) then: … vậy at the end](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-final-resigned/): then, no other choice — `[sentence] + vậy` (spoken)
- [Although: mặc dù / tuy … nhưng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mac-du-although/): although — `Mặc dù / Tuy + [sentence], (nhưng) + [person] + vẫn / cũng + [verb] · [sentence] + mặc dù + [sentence]`
- [And then: rồi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/roi-and-then/): and then — `[verb 1] (+ [object]) + rồi + [verb 2] · [verb 1] + xong rồi + [verb 2]`
- [And what's more: đã … lại còn …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/da-lai-con/): not only … but also (same direction) — `[person] + đã + [A] + lại (còn) + [B] (+ nữa)`
- [Besides, what's more: ngoài … ra, còn … nữa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngoai-ra/): besides / in addition — `Ngoài + [X] (+ ra), [person] + còn / cũng + [verb] · Ngoài ra, … · [person] + còn + [verb] (+ [object]) + nữa`
- [Both … and, at the same time: vừa … vừa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vua-vua/): both … and / while — `[person] + vừa + [A] + vừa + [B]`
- [Both X and Y (nouns): cả … lẫn / cả … và](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ca-lan-both/): both … and (nouns) — `cả + [noun 1] + lẫn / và + [noun 2] (+ đều + [verb])`
- [But (unexpectedly), and yet: mà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-but-unexpected/): but / yet — `[sentence] (vậy) mà + [sentence]`
- [Due to, because (formal): do](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-due-to/): due to — `do + [noun or sentence] · [result] + là do + [cause]` (formal)
- [If (you) were to: person + mà + verb … thì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-if-hypothetical/): if X were to — `[person] + mà + [verb] + thì + [result]` (spoken)
- [In that case: vậy thì / thế thì](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vay-thi-in-that-case/): well then — `Vậy thì / Thế thì + [suggestion]` (Shops and services)
- [Like that, so: như vậy / như thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhu-vay-like-that/): like that / so — `[verb] + như vậy / như thế · [adjective] + (đến) như vậy · nghĩ / nói + như vậy`
- [More and more: (càng) ngày càng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-cang/): increasingly — `[person] + (càng) ngày càng + [adjective or verb]`
- [Not X but Y: không (phải) … mà …, and X chứ không Y](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-ma-not-but/): not … but … / …, not … — `không (phải là) + [X] + mà (là) + [Y] · [X] + chứ không (phải là) + [Y]`
- [One more, more: thêm … (nữa)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/them-nua-more/): more / another — `[verb] + thêm + [noun] (+ nữa) · [noun] + nữa` (Shops and services)
- [Or else: kẻo](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/keo-or-else/): or else (something bad) — `[advice], kẻo + [bad result]`
- [Or in statements: A hoặc B](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hoac-or/): A or B (statement) — `[A] + hoặc (là) + [B]`
- [So as to (spoken): verb + mà + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ma-purpose/): to, so as to (spoken) — `[verb 1] (+ [object]) + mà + [verb 2]` (spoken)

## Words at the start and end of a sentence (6)

- […, isn't it? (inviting agreement): ha / nhỉ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhi-ha/): …, isn't it? — `[remark] + ha / nhỉ?` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [At least it has this: được cái](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-cai/): the one good thing is — `[drawback], (nhưng) được cái + [good point]`
- [Look! Here! … nè, kìa](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nay-final-look/): look! / here it is — `[verb] + nè! · [thing] + kìa! · [noun] nè, [noun] nè … (listing)` (spoken, Messages and social media)
- [Oh, by the way: À, … at the start](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/a-initial-oh/): oh (remembering) — `À, + [statement]` (spoken)
- [Unfortunately: tiếc là, rất tiếc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tiec-la-unfortunately/): unfortunately, it's a pity — `(Rất) tiếc là + [sentence] · Rất tiếc, [sentence] (polite refusal) · Tiếc quá!` (Shops and services)
- [Wishing someone well: chúc + person + wish](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chuc-wish/): I wish you …; congratulations — `Chúc + [person] + [adjective or verb phrase] · Chúc mừng + [occasion or person]`

## Things, counting and numbers (24)

- [A few: vài / mấy + classifier + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vai-few/): a few — `vài / mấy / một vài + [classifier] + [noun]`
- [A little: một ít, một chút, một tí](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-it-a-little/): a little (amount) — `[verb] + một ít / một chút / một tí + [noun]` (Shops and services)
- [A number of, some: một số](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-so/): some, a number of — `một số + [noun] (no classifier)`
- [About (a number): khoảng / chừng / độ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khoang-about/): approximately — `khoảng / chừng / độ + [number]`
- [All: tất cả (các)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tat-ca-all/): all — `tất cả (các) + [noun] (+ đều + [verb]) · tất cả + [plural pronoun]`
- [Belongs to: (là) của, and không phải (là) của for not](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/la-cua-belongs/): belongs to — `[thing] + (là) + của + [owner] · [thing] + không phải (là) + của + [owner] · [thing] + có phải (là) + của + [owner] + không?`
- [City, river, province before the name: thành phố Hà Nội](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/status-noun-name/): type word + name — `thành phố / tỉnh / sông / đường + [name]`
- [Classifier for rain, storms, fevers, anger: cơn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/clf-con-weather/): bouts — `cơn + mưa / bão / sốt / giận`
- [Compass points: Đông Nam, Tây Bắc](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/compass-order/): north-east etc. — `Đông / Tây + Nam / Bắc`
- [Describing a noun with a verb phrase, no 'who / which': người tới hôm qua](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/relative-no-ma/): noun + verb phrase — `[noun] + [verb phrase]`
- [Each … (so much): mỗi + noun + amount](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-each/): each — `mỗi + [noun] + [amount] · mỗi + [time] + [number] + lần`
- [Each one in turn: từng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tung-each-one/): each one, one by one — `từng + [noun] (+ một)`
- [Enough: đủ](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/du-enough/): enough — `đủ + [noun] · đủ + [adjective] (+ để + [verb])`
- [Every, all: mọi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/moi-every/): every — `mọi + [noun] · mọi người`
- [Fractions, percent, decimals: phần, phần trăm, phẩy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/fractions-percent/): fractions and percentages — `[n] + phần + [n] · [number] + phần trăm · [n] + phẩy + [n]`
- [Half and … and a half: nửa, rưỡi, rưởi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nua-ruoi-half/): half — `(một) nửa + [noun] · [number] + [unit] + rưỡi · một trăm rưởi`
- [More than, under, nearly + number: hơn, dưới, gần](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/hon-number-more-than/): over / under / almost (amounts) — `hơn / trên / dưới / gần / không quá / chưa đến + [number]`
- [No những / các after a number, no plural word when the context shows it: ba con chó](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bare-noun-plural/): no plural marking — `[number] + [classifier] + [noun] · [noun] (plural from context)`
- [One of the …: một trong những](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/mot-trong-nhung/): one of the — `một trong những + [noun] + (adjective) + nhất`
- [Sums: cộng với, trừ đi, nhân với, chia cho](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/arithmetic/): arithmetic — `[a] + cộng với / trừ đi / nhân với / chia cho + [b] + là / bằng + [c]`
- [Ten-something, twenty-something: mười mấy, hai mươi mấy, mấy chục](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/muoi-may-ten-something/): in the teens, twenties; dozens of — `mười mấy + [noun] · [x] mươi mấy + [noun] · mấy chục / mấy trăm + [noun]`
- [The whole, all of: cả](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ca-whole/): all / the whole — `cả + [group or time period] · cả + [number] + [noun] · cả hai`
- [When của cannot be dropped: cái áo đẹp của tôi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-required/): của needed after other modifiers — `[classifier] + [noun] + [adjective] + của + [owner]`
- [Which, that (the noun as object): noun + mà + sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/relative-ma/): which / that / who(m) — `[noun] + mà + [person] + [verb]`

## How much, and comparing (9)

- [Another, different: khác, khác nhau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khac-other/): other / different — `[noun] + khác · [A] + khác + [B] · [plural noun] + khác nhau · ai khác / cái khác` (Shops and services)
- [Compared with: so với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/so-voi/): compared with — `So với + [B], [A] + [adjective] + hơn · [A] + [adjective] + hơn + so với + [B]`
- [Fairly, it's OK: cũng + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cung-fairly-ok/): fairly / it'll do — `[person] + cũng + [adjective or verb] · Cũng được.`
- [Getting more or less: adjective + ra / lên / đi / lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-change-ra-di/): become more / less … — `[adjective] + ra / lên (more) · [adjective] + đi / lại (less)`
- [No preposition after some adjectives: giỏi toán, gần nhà](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/adj-object/): good at / near (no preposition) — `[adjective] + [noun] · [A] + xa / gần + [B]`
- [Not as … as: không … bằng / như](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/khong-bang-less/): not as … as — `[A] + không + [adjective] + bằng / như + [B]`
- [Really, truly: thật / thật là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/that-really/): really — `thật (là) + [adjective] · [adjective] + thật! · [adjective] + thật là + [adjective]!`
- [So …! (surprise): adjective + vậy / thế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/the-vay-so-adj/): so (surprised) — `[adjective] + vậy! / thế!` (spoken)
- [The most … is X: adjective + nhất + là + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhat-la-superlative-topic/): the …est is … — `([place / time]), [adjective] + nhất + là + [noun]`

## Là, có, and how verbs work together (29)

- [(Not) in time: (không) kịp](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/kip-in-time/): have (no) time to — `[person] + không + [verb] + kịp · [person] + kịp + [verb] · (cũng) kịp`
- [About (a topic): về](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ve-about/): about — `[verb] + về + [topic] · nghĩ / nhắc + tới / đến + [thing] (mention)`
- [As for X: X + thì …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thi-topic/): topic / contrast with thì — `[topic] + thì + [comment] · [verb phrase] + thì + [person] + [verb] · [object] + thì + [person] + [verb]`
- [Back, together, shut: trả lại, đóng lại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lai-back-shut/): back / closed / together — `[verb] (+ [object]) + lại`
- [Become: trở thành + noun, trở nên + adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tro-thanh-nen/): become — `[person] + trở thành + [noun] · [person] + trở nên + [adjective]`
- [Being ill or in a bad state: bị + illness or adjective](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bi-bad-state/): suffer from — `[person] + (bị) + đau / sốt + … · [person] + bị + cảm / cúm · [thing] + (hơi) bị + [bad adjective]`
- [Being used to: quen + verb, quen với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/quen-used-to/): be used to — `[person] + (đã) quen + [verb] · [person] + quen với + [noun]`
- [Borrowing from, lending: mượn … của, cho … mượn](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cua-borrow-from/): borrow from / lend — `mượn / vay + [thing] + (của) + [person] · cho + [person] + mượn / vay + [thing]`
- [Called, regarded as: gọi … là, coi … là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/goi-coi-la/): call / regard X as Y — `[A] + (được) gọi là + [B] · coi + [A] + là / như + [B]`
- [Did indeed: stressed có before the verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/co-emphatic/): do (emphatic) — `[person] + có + [verb] (stressed)` (spoken)
- [Doing X is …: a verb phrase as the subject, no 'to' or '-ing' (Học tiếng Việt khó)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/verb-subject/): verb as subject — `[verb phrase] + là / thì + …`
- [Each other: nhau](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nhau-each-other/): each other — `[A] và [B] + [verb] + nhau · [verb] + với / cho + nhau`
- [Even X: (ngay) cả … cũng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ngay-ca-even/): even — `(Ngay) cả + [X] + (person) + cũng + [verb]`
- [Get (good) or suffer (bad): được / bị + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-bi-receive/): receive / suffer — `[person] + được + [good thing] · [person] + bị + [bad thing]`
- [Give someone something: cho / tặng + person + thing](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-give-order/): give (no 'to') — `cho / tặng / trả / biếu + [person] + [thing]`
- [I find, I feel: thấy + adjective or sentence](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thay-feel-find/): feel; find (in my view) — `[person] + thấy + [adjective] · [person] + thấy + [sentence] (opinion)`
- [I heard that: nghe nói](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nghe-noi-hearsay/): I've heard that — `(person) + nghe nói + [sentence]`
- [It only takes … to: chỉ … là …](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chi-la/): only takes … and — `chỉ + [verb] + [amount] + là + [verb 2]`
- [Made or written by: do + doer + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/do-passive-agent/): by (the doer) — `[thing] + (là) + do + [doer] + [verb]` (formal)
- [Making someone feel or do: làm (cho)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/lam-cho-cause/): make / cause — `[cause] + làm (cho) + [person] + [verb or adjective]`
- [OK, fine: được as 'good enough'](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-ok/): fine, acceptable — `… được (đó / đấy) · không được + [adjective] (lắm) (softened negative)`
- [Passive for bad things: bị + (doer) + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bi-passive/): is …ed (unwelcome) — `[subject] + bị + ([doer]) + [verb]`
- [Passive for good things: được + (doer) + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/duoc-passive/): is …ed (welcome) — `[subject] + được + ([doer]) + [verb]`
- [Seeing, hearing (the result): nhìn thấy, nghe thấy](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thay-sense-result/): perceive — `nhìn / nghe / ngửi / sờ + thấy (+ [object])`
- [Telling, making, asking someone to: kêu / bảo, bắt, nhờ + person + verb](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/causative-bao-bat/): tell / make / ask someone to — `[person] + kêu / bảo / bắt / nhờ / cho / nhắc / khuyên + [person 2] + [verb]` (At work)
- [That (after say, think): rằng / là](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/rang-la-that/): that (+ sentence) — `[person] + nói / nghĩ / biết + (rằng / là) + [sentence]`
- [The very, exactly: chính](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/chinh-very/): it was X who / the very — `Chính + [person] + [verb] · [X] + chính là + [Y] · Chính + [X] + là + [noun] + (mà) …`
- [To or for someone: verb + thing + cho + person](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cho-to-for/): send / buy / sell to, work for — `[verb] + [thing] + cho + [person] · [verb] + cho + [person] + [long object] · làm việc cho + [company]`
- [Try doing: verb + thử (coi / xem)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/thu-try/): try (and see) — `[verb] + thử · [verb] + thử + coi / xem · thử + [verb] + coi / xem` (Shops and services)

## Places and movement (10)

- [According to, in my opinion: theo](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/theo-according/): according to — `Theo + [person or source], [statement] · Theo tôi, …`
- [At (formal): tại](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tai-at-formal/): at (written) — `tại + [place]` (formal, Shops and services)
- [Beginning and end of: đầu / cuối + noun](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/dau-cuoi/): start / end of — `đầu / cuối + [time or place noun]`
- [Direction words follow the map and the speaker: ra Hà Nội, vô Sài Gòn, lên Đà Lạt, lên lầu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vao-ra-north-south/): which direction word for which place — `(đi) ra + [northern place] · (đi) vô / vào + [southern place] · lên + [highland place, upper floor] · xuống + [lowland place, lower floor] · trên / dưới + [place] (seen from where the speaker is)`
- [For, towards, as for: đối với](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/doi-voi/): for / towards — `Đối với + [person or thing], … · [adjective] + đối với + [person]` (formal)
- [Made of: (làm) bằng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/bang-material/): made of — `[thing] + (làm) bằng + [material]`
- [Moving in a direction: ra, vô / vào, lên, xuống, về, qua, tới](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/direction-verbs/): out / in / up / down / back / across / to — `(đi) + ra / vô / lên / xuống / về / qua / tới + [place] · lên / xuống + xe`
- [Out of, leave: ra khỏi](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/ra-khoi/): get out of — `ra khỏi + [place] · ra + [place] (go out to)`
- [Verb + direction: chạy ra, mang về, đứng lên](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/v-direction-complement/): motion verb + direction — `[verb] + ra / vô / lên / xuống / về / qua + ([place]) · mang / đem / gửi + [thing] + về / vô / tới + [place]`
- [Went and came back, back from: đi … về, ở … về](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/di-ve-return-from/): be back from — `[person] + đi + [place] + về · [person] + ở + [place] + về`

## Talking to and about people (2)

- [Casual I and you between friends: tui – ông / bà, tao – mày, tớ – cậu](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/tao-may/): I – you (very familiar) — `tui ↔ ông / bà (Southern, friends of the same age) · tao ↔ mày (very casual) · tớ ↔ cậu (Northern, young friends)` (spoken)
- [People, they (in general): người ta](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nguoi-ta/): one / people — `người ta + [verb]`

## How words are built (6)

- [Doubling softens: đo đỏ, xanh xanh (-ish)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/redup-ish/): -ish, a little — `[adjective] doubled, often with a tone change (đỏ → đo đỏ)`
- [Events and sessions: cuộc + word, buổi + word (cuộc họp, buổi học)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/cuoc-event-noun/): an event / a session — `cuộc + [verb, adjective or noun] (cuộc họp, cuộc sống) · buổi + [noun or verb] (buổi họp)` (At work)
- [Head of: trưởng (trưởng phòng, hiệu trưởng)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/truong-head/): head of — `trưởng + [unit] · [office] + trưởng` (At work)
- [Members and staff: word + viên (nhân viên, hội viên)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/vien-member/): member / staff — `[noun] + viên`
- [Pair words mean things in general: quần áo, bàn ghế](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/paired-compound-collective/): collective pairs — `[noun 1][noun 2] (general sense, not counted with a number)`
- [Professionals: nhà + field (nhà báo, nhà khoa học)](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/nha-profession/): -ist / -er (profession) — `nhà + [field]`

## News, official and academic writing (1)

- [Opening and closing a letter: Kính gửi …, … thân mến, Trân trọng](https://vietnamesebuddy.com/grammar/letter-formulas/): letter openings and closings — `Kính gửi / Kính thưa + [title, name], (formal) · [name] + thân mến, (friendly) · Trân trọng, (formal closing) · Thân, (friendly closing)` (polite, written, At work)

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