Un-, non-, -less in Sino-Vietnamese words: bất-, vô-, phi-

un- / -less

Pattern: bất + [Sino-Vietnamese root] · vô + [Sino-Vietnamese root] · phi + [Sino-Vietnamese root]

B2 · estimateformal

Typed without accents: bat, vo

Many Sino-Vietnamese words, the words of Chinese origin that fill news and official writing, have a negative part in front, like English un-, non- or -less. Three are common.

Bất means "not": bất hợp pháp (illegal), bất công (unfair), bất lợi (unfavourable), bất ổn (unstable). Vô means "without": vô gia cư (homeless, literally without a home), vô ích (useless), vô trách nhiệm (irresponsible), vô hiệu (void). Phi means "non-" and puts something outside a category: phi chính phủ (non-governmental), phi lợi nhuận (non-profit).

They join only Sino-Vietnamese roots, and the result is one fixed word that you learn whole. You can't build new ones from everyday native words: "not tasty" is không ngon, never bất ngon. Some are so fixed that the parts no longer show: bất động sản, literally "things that don't move", is real estate.

You'll meet them most in news reports, laws and official notices. Several are everyday words too: vô lý (unreasonable), bất lịch sự (rude), vô duyên (tactless, awkward). When you're not sure a word exists, không + the word is the safe spoken choice: không hợp pháp, không công bằng.

Examples

  • Hơn 100 lao động cư trú bất hợp pháp ở nước ngoài đã bị trục xuất về nước.

    More than 100 workers living abroad illegally have been deported home.

  • Thành phố mở thêm hai điểm tạm trú cho người vô gia cư trong mùa mưa.

    The city has opened two more temporary shelters for homeless people during the rainy season.

  • Nhiều tổ chức phi chính phủ đã tham gia cứu trợ người dân vùng lũ.

    Many non-governmental organisations have joined the relief effort for people in the flood areas.

  • Hợp đồng ký không đúng thẩm quyền có thể bị tuyên bố vô hiệu.

    A contract signed without the proper authority may be declared void.

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